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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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Regulatory T Cell-Based Adoptive Cell Therapy in Autoimmunity.

Eduardo Gozálvez1, Adrián Lario2, Guillermo Muñoz-Sánchez1

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International Journal of Molecular Sciences
|November 13, 2025
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Summary

Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are crucial for preventing autoimmunity. Adoptive cell transfer (ACT) using antigen-specific Tregs shows promise as a safer and more effective therapy for autoimmune diseases.

Keywords:
autoimmunitychimeric antigen receptor (CAR)engineered T cell receptor (eTCR)regulatory T cells (Tregs)

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology
  • Autoimmunity

Background:

  • Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are essential for maintaining self-tolerance and preventing autoimmune diseases.
  • Treg dysfunction is implicated in the pathogenesis of various autoimmune disorders.
  • Adoptive cell transfer (ACT) using Tregs is a potential therapeutic strategy for autoimmunity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the biology of Tregs.
  • To summarize preclinical and clinical data on Treg-based ACT for autoimmune diseases.
  • To highlight the shift towards antigen-specific Treg therapies.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on Treg biology and ACT.
  • Analysis of preclinical studies using engineered T cell receptors (eTCRs) or chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) on Tregs.
  • Examination of clinical trial data for Treg-based ACT in autoimmunity.

Main Results:

  • Polyclonal Treg-based ACT has demonstrated safety in clinical trials.
  • Antigen-specific Tregs, engineered with eTCRs or CARs, show enhanced safety and efficacy in preclinical models.
  • Treg-based ACT is a promising approach for restoring self-tolerance.

Conclusions:

  • Antigen-specific Treg-based ACT represents a significant advancement over polyclonal approaches.
  • Further research and clinical translation of engineered Tregs are warranted for autoimmune disease treatment.
  • Treg-based therapies hold potential for revolutionizing autoimmune disease management.