Molecular Breeding for Fungal Resistance in Common Bean

Despite the recognized social and economic importance of common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), the average grain yield is far below the productive potential of cultivars. This situation is explained by several factors, such as the large number of diseases and pests that affect the crop, some of which cause significant damage. It is estimated that approximately 200 diseases can significantly affect common beans. These can be bacterial, viral, fungal, and nematode-induced. The main bean fungal diseases include anthracnose, angular leaf spot, powdery mildew, gray mold, Fusarium wilt, dry root rot, Pythium root rot, southern blight, white mold, charcoal rot and rust. This review provides a comprehensive overview of eleven major fungal diseases affecting common bean, describing their associated damage, characteristic symptomatology, and the epidemiological factors that favor disease development. It further synthesizes current knowledge on host resistance mechanisms that can be exploited to develop molecularly informed resistant genotypes. The compilation includes characterized resistance genes and mapped quantitative trait loci (QTLs), with details on their chromosomal locations, genetic effects, and potential for use in breeding. Moreover, the review highlights successful applications of molecular breeding approaches targeting fungal resistance. Finally, it discusses conclusions and future perspectives for integrating advanced genetic improvement strategies-such as marker-assisted selection, genomic selection, gene editing, and pyramiding-to enhance durable resistance to fungal pathogens in common bean. This work serves as both a reference for forthcoming resistance-mapping studies and a guide for the strategic selection of resistance loci in breeding programs aimed at developing cultivars with stable and long-lasting fungal resistance.