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Long-Term Complications of Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children and Adults Post-COVID-19: A Systematic

Sanish Varghese1, Ibrahim Al-Hassani1, Ubaida Al-Aani1

  • 1Department of Medical Education, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Doha P.O. Box 24144, Qatar.

International Journal of Molecular Sciences
|November 13, 2025
PubMed

Insights

Multisystem inflammatory syndrome (MIS) post-COVID-19 affects multiple organs, primarily the heart. Early recognition and multidisciplinary care are crucial for managing this severe post-viral complication in children and adults.

Area of Science:

  • Infectious Diseases
  • Immunology
  • Cardiology

Background:

  • The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic presents significant global health challenges, impacting multiple organ systems.
  • Multisystem inflammatory syndrome, affecting both children (MIS-C) and adults (MIS-A), is a severe post-COVID-19 complication.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compile and analyze published data on clinical characteristics, laboratory findings, and outcomes of MIS post-COVID-19.
  • To investigate MIS-related complications in pediatric and adult populations following COVID-19 infection.

Main Methods:

  • A comprehensive literature search was conducted across multiple databases.
  • Data from 64 selected studies were extracted and analyzed by independent reviewers.

Main Results:

  • Cardiac complications were the most frequent manifestation, followed by gastrointestinal, hematologic, neurological, and mucocutaneous involvement.
  • Elevated inflammatory markers (CRP, ferritin, D-dimer, IL-6) were consistently observed.
  • Most patients required hospitalization and intensive care, with treatments including IVIG, corticosteroids, and biologics.

Conclusions:

  • Early recognition, multidisciplinary management, and structured follow-up are essential for MIS patients.
  • While most patients recover, some experience persistent complications.
  • Further research is needed to elucidate underlying mechanisms, risk factors, and long-term outcomes.

Keywords:
COVID-19COVID-19 complicationsMIS-AMIS-CSARS-CoV-2long-COVIDmultisystem inflammatory syndromepost-COVID-19 sequelae

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