Spatial Organisation and Invasive Behaviour of Metastatic Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma-Derived Multicellular...

Background/Objectives: Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) is a very common skin malignancy of the head and neck area, with a propensity to spread to local lymph nodes. Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) play a well-documented role in the progression of the disease. In this study, we developed and characterised multicellular tumour spheroids (MCTS) composed of patient-derived metastatic cSCC cell lines-each exhibiting distinct phenotypes-combined with either dermal- or lymph node-derived fibroblasts. We aimed to investigate how these cellular combinations influence MCTS formation, spatial architecture, and invasive behaviour. We hypothesised that the interplay between different cSCC and fibroblast cell combinations would differentially influence spheroid formation and invasion. Methods: Using live-cell microscopy we assessed the spatial architectures specific to each cell line-fibroblast combination and evaluated the expression of EMT and CAF markers. Furthermore, we utilised MCTS in invasion models to investigate associations between the mode of invasion and the EMT phenotype of the cancer cell line. Results: We show that metastatic cSCC/fibroblast MCTS self-organise into distinct spatial architectures. They also invade through collagen in a manner influenced by fibroblasts but dominated by the EMT status of the originating cancer cells. Conclusions: These findings highlight the physiological relevance and utility of MCTS as models for investigating tumour-stroma interactions and invasion dynamics in metastatic cSCC.