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Vision01:24

Vision

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Vision is the result of light being detected and transduced into neural signals by the retina of the eye. This information is then further analyzed and interpreted by the brain. First, light enters the front of the eye and is focused by the cornea and lens onto the retina—a thin sheet of neural tissue lining the back of the eye. Because of refraction through the convex lens of the eye, images are projected onto the retina upside-down and reversed.
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A Standardized Obstacle Course for Assessment of Visual Function in Ultra Low Vision and Artificial Vision
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Preliminary Study of Vision-Based Artificial Intelligence Application to Evaluate Occupational Risks in Viticulture.

Sirio R S Cividino1,2, Alessio Cappelli1, Paolo Belluco3

  • 1Department of Human Science and Quality of Life Promotion, San Raffaele Telematic University, Via Val Cannuta 247, 00166 Rome, Italy.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
|November 13, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Vision-based Artificial Intelligence (AI) shows high agreement with human experts for detecting agricultural safety risks in viticulture. This technology offers reliable, standardized risk detection for enhanced occupational health and safety.

Keywords:
agricultural machineryartificial intelligencecomputer visionergonomicsexplainable AIoccupational health and safetyrisk assessmentviticulture

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Area of Science:

  • Agricultural Safety
  • Occupational Health
  • Artificial Intelligence in Agriculture

Background:

  • Viticulture presents significant occupational hazards, including repetitive tasks, pesticide exposure, and machinery use.
  • Existing safety assessments often rely on manual evaluations, which can be subjective and time-consuming.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the coherence of vision-based Artificial Intelligence (AI) systems with human expert assessments for occupational health and safety in viticulture.
  • To determine the reliability and accuracy of AI in identifying risks related to manual work, environments, and machinery.

Main Methods:

  • A dataset of 203 annotated vineyard images was analyzed by both safety professionals and an AI pipeline.
  • The AI pipeline integrated convolutional neural networks, regulatory contextualization, and risk matrix evaluation.
  • Agreement was quantified using weighted Cohen's Kappa, with statistical tests comparing AI and expert classifications.

Main Results:

  • AI achieved high agreement with human experts (weighted Cohen's Kappa: 0.94-0.96) and low overall error rates (<14%).
  • No significant differences were found between AI and expert classifications.
  • Errors were mainly false negatives in machinery images, indicating areas for AI improvement.

Conclusions:

  • Vision-based AI systems provide reliable and standardized risk detection in viticulture, comparable to human experts.
  • AI integration, complemented by other sensors and regulatory frameworks, can advance proactive and preventive safety management in agriculture.
  • Further development is needed for AI explainability and improved sensitivity in complex scenarios.