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Phase-lead controllers are commonly used in various control systems to enhance response speed and stability. Adjusting the brightness on a television screen offers a practical example of phase-lead control. When contrast is enhanced, a phase-lead controller is employed. Mathematically, phase-lead control is identified when the first parameter is smaller than the second.
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A Switched-Line True Time Delay Unit for Wideband Phased Arrays Using Packaged RF MEMS Switches.

David W K Thomas1, Kai Wu1, Y Jay Guo1

  • 1Global Big Data Technologies Centre, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia.

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|November 13, 2025
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Summary

This study demonstrates a novel 4-bit true time delay unit (TDU) using radio frequency microelectromechanical systems (RF MEMS) switches. This broadband TDU offers a practical solution for advanced beamforming systems in radar and 5G/6G applications.

Keywords:
RF MEMS switchesbroadband beamformingcoplanar waveguide (CPW)group delay ripplephased arraysswitched-line architecturetrue time delay unit (TDU)

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Area of Science:

  • Electrical Engineering
  • Microwave Engineering
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Electronically scanned arrays (ESAs) require true time delay units (TDUs) for wideband applications, overcoming phase-based beamforming limitations.
  • Advancements in radio frequency microelectromechanical systems (RF MEMS) switches enable practical hardware implementations for TDUs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To design, fabricate, and experimentally validate a broadband, 4-bit switched-line TDU.
  • To utilize only off-the-shelf components and standard PCB processes for TDU implementation.

Main Methods:

  • Design and fabrication of a 4-bit switched-line TDU using RF MEMS switches.
  • Experimental validation of the TDU's performance across a 0.4 to 6 GHz frequency range.
  • Development of a refined switch/termination model to correlate simulations with measurements.

Main Results:

  • Achieved a total delay range of 0-413 ps with an average insertion loss of 1.5 dB.
  • Reported a delay error below 18.4 ps and a figure of merit (FOM) of 152.8 ps/dB.
  • Demonstrated a complete RF MEMS-based TDU using commercially available components in a standard PCB-integrated implementation.

Conclusions:

  • The developed TDU meets the demanding requirements for next-generation radar, satellite, and 5G/6G systems.
  • This work presents a practical and scalable pathway for deploying RF MEMS-based TDUs in advanced beamforming systems.