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Related Concept Videos

Solution Composition During Acid/Base Titrations01:17

Solution Composition During Acid/Base Titrations

1.5K
The titration of a weak acid with a strong base results in the formation of water and the conjugate base of the acid. For instance, titrating acetic acid with sodium hydroxide leads to the formation of water and sodium acetate. A solution of acetic acid and sodium acetate constitutes a buffer whose relative concentration at different stages of the titration is indicated by the α values, which represent percentages of the weak acid and its conjugate base.
The α0 and α1 values...
1.5K
Titration in Nonaqueous Solvents01:16

Titration in Nonaqueous Solvents

1.3K
Most acid-base titrations are performed in an aqueous medium. In aqueous titrations, water competes with weaker acids or bases for proton donation or acceptance, leading to ambiguous endpoints in the titration curve. Water also affects the partial ionization of weak acids or bases. For example, water accepts a proton from acetic acid to form hydronium and acetate ions. The hydronium ion formed is a stronger acid than acetic acid, and the acetate ion is a stronger base than water. As a result,...
1.3K
Titration of Polyprotic Acids with a Strong Base01:23

Titration of Polyprotic Acids with a Strong Base

2.8K
Titration of a polyprotic acid, which contains multiple ionizable protons, involves distinct dissociation steps, each with its own dissociation constant (Ka). Each successive Ka is weaker than the previous one. In the titration of a polyprotic acid like sulfurous acid with a strong base such as sodium hydroxide, the base first neutralizes the initial ionizable proton, forming an intermediate species (e.g., hydrogen sulfite ions). This step's titration curve resembles that of a weak...
2.8K
Titration of a Weak Acid with a Weak Base01:08

Titration of a Weak Acid with a Weak Base

4.8K
Weak acids and bases do not undergo dissociation completely, and titrations between these two are rarely studied. When such studies are performed, say, for the titration of a weak acid with a weak base, the titration curve plots the change in pH as a function of the volume of base added. Take the titration of acetic acid with ammonia, for instance. During the titration, these two species form ammonium acetate and water, but the pH change is slow and gradual.
As a result, there is no simple...
4.8K
Common Ion Effect03:24

Common Ion Effect

45.6K
Compared with pure water, the solubility of an ionic compound is less in aqueous solutions containing a common ion (one also produced by dissolution of the ionic compound). This is an example of a phenomenon known as the common ion effect, which is a consequence of the law of mass action that may be explained using Le Châtelier’s principle. Consider the dissolution of silver iodide:
45.6K
Composition of Polyprotic Acid Solutions as a Function of pH01:19

Composition of Polyprotic Acid Solutions as a Function of pH

818
Polyprotic acids of the type H2M constitute two ionizable protons. As a result, on titration with a base, they exhibit two equivalence points in the titration curve. During titration, the species H2M, HM−, and M2− will be present in the solution at different points. The fractions of H2M, HM−, and M2− present at the various instances of the titration are denoted by α0, α1, and α2, respectively.
A graph with the alpha values is plotted against the volume of...
818

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Clinical Images: Alkaptonuria: a conundrum.

Sarada Khandual1, Sarit Pattanaik1, Saumya Tripathy1

  • 1Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Srirama Chandra Bhanja Medical College, Cuttack, India.

Arthritis & Rheumatology (Hoboken, N.J.)
|November 13, 2025
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Alkaptonuria (AKU) is a rare genetic disorder causing dark urine, ochronosis, and joint problems. Early identification of its clinical triad is crucial for managing this multi-systemic condition.

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Area of Science:

  • Medical Genetics
  • Metabolic Disorders
  • Rheumatology

Background:

  • Alkaptonuria (AKU) is a rare autosomal recessive metabolic disorder.
  • It results from a deficiency in the enzyme homogentisate 1,2-dioxygenase (HGD).
  • This deficiency leads to the accumulation of homogentisic acid (HGA).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present a case of a 74-year-old male with multi-systemic manifestations of alkaptonuria.
  • To emphasize the importance of recognizing the clinical triad of AKU for timely diagnosis and management.

Main Methods:

  • Clinical presentation and examination findings of a 74-year-old male.
  • Diagnostic confirmation through urine analysis for black discoloration and elevated homogentisic acid levels.
  • Assessment of cardiovascular and neurological involvement.

Main Results:

  • The patient exhibited generalized aches, contractures, peripheral neuropathy, and signs of ochronosis (pigmentation of ear and sclera).
  • Radiological findings included spinal deformities and calcification of joints and prostate.
  • Confirmed diagnosis of alkaptonuria (AKU) with elevated urinary HGA and characteristic urine discoloration.

Conclusions:

  • Alkaptonuria presents with multi-systemic involvement affecting cardiovascular, neurological, and musculoskeletal systems.
  • The clinical triad of dark urine, ochronosis, and arthropathy is key for early diagnosis.
  • Prompt identification facilitates timely management strategies to mitigate complications.