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A Hybrid Bidirectional Deep Learning Model Using HRV for Prediction of ICU Mortality Risk in TBI Patients.

Hasitha Kuruwita A1, Shu Kay Ng2, Alan Wee-Chung Liew3

  • 1School of Medicine and Dentistry, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia.

Journal of Healthcare Informatics Research
|November 13, 2025
PubMed
Summary

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Predicting mortality risk in traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients is vital. This study uses a deep learning model analyzing heart rate variability (HRV) from ECGs to accurately forecast early mortality risk in ICU patients.

Area of Science:

  • Critical Care Medicine
  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Data Science

Background:

  • Early mortality prediction in intensive care unit (ICU) traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients is essential for resource allocation and patient management.
  • Current methods may lack the precision needed for timely intervention.
  • Analyzing physiological signals like electrocardiogram (ECG) offers potential for improved risk assessment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate a novel deep learning model for predicting early mortality risk in TBI patients.
  • To leverage heart rate variability (HRV) from continuous ECG monitoring for enhanced predictive accuracy.
  • To assess the model's performance against conventional machine learning approaches.

Main Methods:

  • A hybrid deep learning model integrating a weight predictor with a bidirectional long short-term memory (BiLSTM) unit was developed.
Keywords:
Clinical decision supportHeart rate variabilityMachine learningMortality predictionTraumatic brain injury

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  • The model analyzed heart rate variability (HRV) extracted from the first 24 hours of ECG signals from TBI patients.
  • Data from Gold Coast University Hospital and the Cerebral Haemodynamic Autoregulatory Information System (CHARIS) were used for training and testing.
  • Main Results:

    • The hybrid model achieved high cross-validation accuracy (0.933) and AUROC (0.995).
    • On a hold-out test set, the model demonstrated prediction accuracy of 0.917 and AUROC of 0.926.
    • The proposed model significantly outperformed existing conventional machine learning models in mortality risk prediction.

    Conclusions:

    • The developed deep learning model accurately predicts early mortality risk in TBI patients using HRV from ECG data.
    • The model's reliance on readily available ICU ECG data facilitates straightforward clinical implementation.
    • This approach offers a promising tool to enhance critical care strategies and patient outcomes.