Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Schemas01:42

Schemas

12.3K
A schema is a mental construct consisting of a cluster or collection of related concepts (Bartlett, 1932). There are many different types of schemata, and they all have one thing in common: schemata are a method of organizing information that allows the brain to work more efficiently. When a schema is activated, the brain makes immediate assumptions about the person or object being observed.
12.3K
Depth Perception and Spatial Vision01:15

Depth Perception and Spatial Vision

1.8K
Depth perception is the ability to perceive objects three-dimensionally. It relies on two types of cues: binocular and monocular. Binocular cues depend on the combination of images from both eyes and how the eyes work together. Since the eyes are in slightly different positions, each eye captures a slightly different image. This disparity between images, known as binocular disparity, helps the brain interpret depth. When the brain compares these images, it determines the distance to an object.
1.8K
Perceptual Constancy01:12

Perceptual Constancy

1.2K
Perceptual constancy is the ability to recognize that objects remain consistent and unchanged even when their appearance varies due to changes in sensory input. There are four main types of perceptual constancy: size constancy, shape constancy, color constancy, and brightness constancy.
Size constancy is the recognition that an object remains the same size, even when its image on the retina changes. For instance, a bus is perceived to be large enough to carry people, even if it looks tiny from...
1.2K
Relative Velocity in Two Dimensions01:11

Relative Velocity in Two Dimensions

8.9K
Relative velocity is the velocity of an object as observed from a particular reference frame, or the velocity of one reference frame with respect to another reference frame. The concept of relative velocity can be used to describe motion in two dimensions. Consider a particle P and two reference frames S and S′. The position of the origin of S′ as measured in S is , the position of P as measured in S′ is , and the position of P as measured in S is , which can be evaluated by utilizing...
8.9K
Framing Effects03:26

Framing Effects

7.8K
Information is everywhere and its presentation—such as how and when items are presented—can impact our perceptions and decisions surrounding the info. This broad concept umbrellas framing effects—influences that occur due to the way information is framed in its appearance, whether it’s purely the order or the specific wording of a message. Let’s take a look at numerous ways in which two versions of something can objectively say the same thing, yet we respond in...
7.8K
Relative Velocity in One Dimension01:10

Relative Velocity in One Dimension

9.6K
The understanding of the concept of reference frames is essential to discuss relative motion in one or more dimensions. When we say that an object has a certain velocity, we must state the velocity with respect to a given reference frame. In most examples, this reference frame has been Earth. For instance, if a statement reads that a person is sitting in a train moving at 10 m/s east, then it implies that the person on the train is moving relative to the surface of Earth at this velocity,...
9.6K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Neural effects of expectation violation generalise across sensory modalities.

Communications biology·2026
Same author

Post-stroke cognitive impairment: More than a lesion-symptom model.

Imaging neuroscience (Cambridge, Mass.)·2026
Same author

Trajectory classes of post-stroke depression severity and their baseline predictors: A multi-cohort replication study.

Journal of affective disorders·2026
Same author

Functional neurological symptoms occur commonly in healthy adults: implications for the pathophysiology of FND.

CNS spectrums·2026
Same author

Rotation-tolerant representations elucidate the time-course of high-level object processing.

PloS one·2026
Same author

Parallel processing of distinct facial signals for the rapid evaluation of social agents.

iScience·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 11, 2026

The Spatial Memory Game: Testing the Relationship Between Spatial Language, Object Knowledge, and Spatial Cognition
05:15

The Spatial Memory Game: Testing the Relationship Between Spatial Language, Object Knowledge, and Spatial Cognition

Published on: February 19, 2018

11.3K

Expectation dynamically modulates the representational time course of objects and locations.

Margaret Jane Moore1, Amanda K Robinson1,2, Jason B Mattingley1,2,3

  • 1Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia.

Imaging Neuroscience (Cambridge, Mass.)
|November 13, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The brain integrates predictive "what" and "where" information, with location expectations dynamically influencing neural responses. Unexpected stimuli, regardless of type, show reduced neural decoding later in processing.

Keywords:
EEGdecodingexpectationmultivariate pattern analysispredictive coding

More Related Videos

Methods for Presenting Real-world Objects Under Controlled Laboratory Conditions
06:54

Methods for Presenting Real-world Objects Under Controlled Laboratory Conditions

Published on: June 21, 2019

6.3K
Author Spotlight: Insights into the Analysis of Human Interaction with 3D Virtual Objects
06:36

Author Spotlight: Insights into the Analysis of Human Interaction with 3D Virtual Objects

Published on: October 18, 2024

1.4K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 11, 2026

The Spatial Memory Game: Testing the Relationship Between Spatial Language, Object Knowledge, and Spatial Cognition
05:15

The Spatial Memory Game: Testing the Relationship Between Spatial Language, Object Knowledge, and Spatial Cognition

Published on: February 19, 2018

11.3K
Methods for Presenting Real-world Objects Under Controlled Laboratory Conditions
06:54

Methods for Presenting Real-world Objects Under Controlled Laboratory Conditions

Published on: June 21, 2019

6.3K
Author Spotlight: Insights into the Analysis of Human Interaction with 3D Virtual Objects
06:36

Author Spotlight: Insights into the Analysis of Human Interaction with 3D Virtual Objects

Published on: October 18, 2024

1.4K

Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Computational Neuroscience
  • Visual Perception

Background:

  • Predictive information significantly influences brain responses to visual stimuli.
  • The integration of different predictive cues (e.g., object identity and location) in perception remains unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how "what" (identity) and "where" (location) expectations modulate brain activity.
  • To explore the temporal dynamics of predictive coding in visual perception.

Main Methods:

  • Used electroencephalography (EEG) and multivariate pattern analysis (MVPA) on 40 participants.
  • Presented rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) streams with predictable object identities and locations.
  • Compared neural decoding accuracy for random, expected, and unexpected stimuli.

Main Results:

  • Location expectations initially reduced neural decoding (160-238 ms) but later enhanced it (273-430 ms).
  • Identity expectations did not show the same temporal dynamic effect.
  • Unexpected stimuli (both identity and location) showed reduced neural decoding in later time windows (>250 ms).

Conclusions:

  • Predictive coding involves complex, temporally dynamic interactions between different types of expectations.
  • Neural responses to predictability are not uniform and vary based on the type of predictive information and processing time.
  • Findings challenge simple models of predictive coding and highlight the nuanced way the brain uses expectations to guide perception.