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Aging is a complex biological phenomenon influenced by various processes that affect cellular and systemic functions. Several prominent theories attempt to explain its mechanisms, highlighting cellular limitations, oxidative damage, and hormonal changes as central factors in aging.
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The first law of thermodynamics is quantitatively formulated via an equation relating the internal energy of a system, the heat exchanged by it, and the work done on it. A quantitative formulation of the second law of thermodynamics leads to defining a state function, the entropy.
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Entropy and Human Aging.

Steven R Cummings1,2, Namki Hong3, Alan A Cohen4

  • 1San Francisco Coordinating Center, California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, San Francisco, California, USA.

Aging Cell
|November 13, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Entropy, a measure of disorder, is understudied in human aging. Research shows that measuring entropy in heart signals can predict mortality and fracture risk, highlighting its broader biological implications.

Keywords:
agingelectrocardiographyentropyrejuvenation

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Area of Science:

  • Thermodynamics
  • Information Theory
  • Human Aging Biology

Background:

  • Entropy quantifies disorder and randomness, crucial in various scientific fields.
  • Entropy's role in human aging is largely unexplored, despite its biological manifestation.
  • Aging involves damage and molecular interactions that increase entropy across biological systems.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the concept of entropy in the context of human aging.
  • To explore whether entropy measured in one biological system can predict aging-related outcomes in others.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized Mahalanobis distance to quantify entropy.
  • Applied entropy quantification to electrocardiogram (ECG) data.
  • Correlated ECG-derived entropy with aging-related outcomes.

Main Results:

  • Entropy measured in electrocardiograms (ECG) predicts mortality risk.
  • ECG-derived entropy also predicts fracture risk, extending beyond cardiac health.
  • This indicates entropy progresses across multiple biological systems.

Conclusions:

  • Entropy is a significant factor in human aging.
  • Measuring entropy in one system, like the heart, can offer insights into systemic aging and health risks.
  • Further research is needed on quantifying and potentially modulating entropy in aging.