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Deciphering immune evasion mechanisms in precision oncology: insights from single-cell multiomics approaches
Slim Ben Chaabane1, Faris Q Alenzi2, A'sem Mohammad Abedalqader Qannas3
1Department of Computer Engineering, Faculty of Computers and Information Technology, University of Tabuk City, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia.
Background:
Cancer poses a persistent global health challenge, and one of its most formidable characteristics is the ability to evade immune detection. Understanding these immune evasion mechanisms is essential for improving therapeutic outcomes, especially in the era of personalized medicine. Recent advances in single-cell multiomics technologies have opened new avenues for exploring tumor-immune interactions at unprecedented resolution.
Objective:
This review aims to critically examine how single-cell multiomics platforms, integrating genomics, transcriptomics, epigenomics, and proteomics, have been applied to identify immune evasion mechanisms in cancer and how these findings contribute to the development of precision oncology.
Methods:
A structured literature search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, focusing on studies published between 2018 and 2025. Relevant research articles employing single-cell multiomics in the context of cancer immune evasion were selected, analyzed, and thematically organized according to the type of omics technology used and clinical relevance.
Results:
The findings highlight that single-cell multiomics enables the detection of rare immune-resistant cellular subtypes, the identification of altered immunoregulatory pathways, and the characterization of epigenetic reprogramming events involved in immune escape. This integrative approach reveals dynamic and context-dependent mechanisms by which tumors adapt and resist immunotherapy.
Conclusions:
Single-cell multiomics technologies provide a comprehensive and nuanced understanding of cancer immune evasion. These insights not only explain failures in current immunotherapy strategies but also inform the development of more effective and personalized treatment interventions. The integration of these platforms into clinical research represents a significant step toward overcoming immune resistance in oncology.
Insights
Single-cell multi-omics reveals how cancers evade immune detection, identifying rare resistant cells and altered pathways. These findings are crucial for developing personalized cancer therapies and overcoming immunotherapy resistance.
Area of Science:
- Oncology
- Immunology
- Genomics
- Proteomics
- Epigenomics
Background:
- Cancer immune evasion is a major therapeutic challenge, hindering treatment efficacy.
- Personalized medicine requires a deep understanding of tumor-immune interactions.
- Single-cell multi-omics offers high-resolution insights into these complex interactions.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review the application of single-cell multi-omics in identifying cancer immune evasion mechanisms.
- To explore how these findings advance precision oncology and immunotherapy development.
Main Methods:
- Systematic literature review of studies from 2018-2025 in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science.
- Selection and thematic analysis of research using single-cell multi-omics for cancer immune evasion.
- Categorization based on omics type and clinical relevance.
Main Results:
- Single-cell multi-omics detects rare immune-resistant cancer subtypes.
- Identifies altered immunoregulatory pathways and epigenetic reprogramming in immune escape.
- Reveals dynamic, context-dependent tumor adaptation mechanisms against immunotherapy.
Conclusions:
- Single-cell multi-omics provides a detailed understanding of cancer immune evasion.
- Explains immunotherapy failures and guides development of personalized treatments.
- Integrates advanced platforms into clinical research to combat immune resistance.
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