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Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism00:57

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The cationic polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step of the polymerization process, the π bond of a monomer gets protonated by the Lewis acid catalyst, which is formed from boron trifluoride and water. The protonation of the π bond generates a carbocation stabilized by the electron‐donating group. In the propagation step, the π bond of the second monomer acts as a nucleophile and attacks the...
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Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism01:09

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The radical chain-growth polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination of polymerization. The polymerization initiates when a free radical generated from the radical initiator adds to the unsaturated bond in the monomer. The unpaired electron of the free radical and one π electron in the unsaturated bond creates a σ bond between the free radical and the monomer. As a result, the other π electron in the unsaturated bond converts this species into...
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Free-Radical Chain Reaction and Polymerization of Alkenes02:35

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The conversion of alkenes to macromolecules called polymers is a reaction of high commercial importance. The structure of the polymer is defined by a repeating unit, while the terminal groups are considered insignificant. The average degree of polymerization represents the number of repeating units in the polymer molecule and is denoted by the subscript n.
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Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism01:04

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The mechanism for anionic chain-growth polymerization involves initiation, propagation, and termination steps. In the initiation step, a nucleophilic anion, such as butyl lithium, initiates the polymerization process by attacking the π bond of the vinylic monomer. As a result, a carbanion, stabilized by the electron‐withdrawing group, is generated. The resulting carbanion acts as a Michael donor in the propagation step and attacks the second vinylic monomer, which acts as a Michael...
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Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:03

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Step-growth or condensation polymerization is a stepwise reaction of bi or multifunctional monomers to form long-chain polymers. As all the monomers are reactive, most of the monomers are consumed at the early stages of the reaction to form small chains of reactive oligomers, which then combine to form long polymer chains in the late stages. Hence, the reaction has to proceed for a long time to achieve high molecular weight polymers.
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Ziegler–Natta Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:17

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Ziegler–Natta polymerization is another form of addition or chain‐growth polymerization used for synthesizing linear polymers over branched polymers. The catalyst used for polymerization is the Ziegler–Natta catalyst, named after Karl Ziegler and Giulio Natta, who developed it in 1953. This catalyst is an organometallic complex of titanium tetrachloride and triethyl aluminum, with the active form of the catalyst being an alkyl titanium compound. Using the Ziegler–Natta...
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Controlled Photoredox Ring-Opening Polymerization of O-Carboxyanhydrides Mediated by Ni/Zn Complexes
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Stereoconvergent Polymerization Driven by Catalytic Racemization.

Zheng-Fei Liu1, Yu-Tao Wang1, Ye Liu1

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China.

Journal of the American Chemical Society
|November 13, 2025
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Dynamic kinetic resolution polymerization (DKRP) overcomes the 50% yield limit of traditional methods. This new approach achieves 100% yield for enantiopure polymers from racemic mixtures using rapid racemization.

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Area of Science:

  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Organic Synthesis
  • Catalysis

Background:

  • Kinetic resolution polymerization (KRP) synthesizes enantiopure polymers but is limited to 50% theoretical yield.
  • Stereoregularity decreases as conversion approaches 50% due to changing enantiomer ratios.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To overcome the yield limitations of KRP.
  • To develop a method for synthesizing enantioenriched polymers from racemic mixtures with up to 100% yield.

Main Methods:

  • Employed rapid racemization to achieve dynamic kinetic resolution polymerization (DKRP).
  • Utilized an orthogonal catalytic system: a Lewis acid-base pair (tris(perfluorophenyl)borane and N,N-dimethylbutylamine) and a chiral catalyst ((R)-SalBinamAl).
  • Applied the DKRP method to racemic β-propiothiolactones.

Main Results:

  • Achieved up to 100% conversion and 96% enantiomeric excess for the (R)-enantiomer.
  • Demonstrated a stereoconvergent ring-opening polymerization process driven by catalytic racemization.
  • Overcame the inherent 50% yield limitation of conventional kinetic resolutions.

Conclusions:

  • DKRP enables the precise synthesis of enantiopure polymers from racemic monomers with theoretical yields up to 100%.
  • This study presents the first example of a catalytic racemization-driven stereoconvergent ring-opening polymerization.