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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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Cancer treatment vaccines are a rapidly evolving field that offers a promising approach to immunotherapy. Unlike traditional vaccines that prevent diseases, cancer treatment vaccines are designed to treat existing cancers by stimulating the immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells.
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Crohn's disease is an inflammatory bowel disorder marked by chronic inflammation of the GI tract. Various treatment strategies for Crohn's disease are employed, such as immunomodulatory agents, glucocorticoids, and biologics or anti-TNF therapy. Azathioprine (Imuran), a commonly used immunomodulatory drug for Crohn's disease, is converted in the body to mercaptopurine, which inhibits purine biosynthesis and cell proliferation. Both are utilized in severe cases of Inflammatory Bowel...
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Experimental Autoimmune Uveitis: An Intraocular Inflammatory Mouse Model
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Immunotherapy and Direct Acting Anti-Cancer Agent Associated-Uveitis.

Naomi Warszawski1, Maggie Feng1, Anjalee Bhuyan1

  • 1College of Medicine, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.

Ocular Immunology and Inflammation
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Cancer immunotherapies can cause rare but serious eye inflammation called uveitis. Treatment involves corticosteroids and sometimes stopping cancer therapy, with more research needed on underlying mechanisms.

Keywords:
Checkpoint inhibitor associated uveitisimmunotherapy-associated uveitisreviewtargeted cancer agent uveitisuveitis

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Oncology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Cancer immunotherapies and targeted agents modulate immune responses.
  • These treatments improve survival but can cause immune-related adverse effects.
  • Ocular adverse effects, specifically uveitis, are a concern with these therapies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the clinical manifestations of uveitis associated with various immunotherapy drug classes.
  • To describe the treatment strategies for immunotherapy-induced uveitis.
  • To highlight gaps in current knowledge regarding the mechanisms of drug-induced uveitis.

Main Methods:

  • A literature search was performed using terms for various cancer drug classes.
  • The review focused on mechanisms of action, uveitis reports, and treatment strategies for each drug class.
  • Information was synthesized on clinical presentations and management of ocular side effects.

Main Results:

  • Uveitis incidence varies by drug class, with BRAF inhibitors showing the highest percentage.
  • Common presentations include iritis, intermediate uveitis, and Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada-like disease.
  • Potential vision loss can occur; treatment involves corticosteroids, dose adjustments, or immunotherapy cessation.

Conclusions:

  • Mechanisms of immunotherapy-induced uveitis require further investigation.
  • Multidisciplinary care between ophthalmologists and oncologists is crucial.
  • Patient education on symptom monitoring is essential for early detection and management.