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Introduction of an Integrated Pathology Image Management, Artificial Intelligence, and Reporting System

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Can artificial intelligence (AI)-based software programs generate accurate clinical dictation?

Sohil A Kazim¹, Charles J Goodacre², Joseph Y K Kan³

¹Fellow, Advanced Education Program in Implant Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, Calif; and Adjunct Professor, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Advanced Specialty Education Program in Prosthodontics, Rutgers School of Dental Medicine, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ.

The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry

|November 13, 2025

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Generative artificial intelligence (AI) tools like Copilot, ChatGPT, and Gemini can create accurate dental dictations. Structured prompts yield the best results, though simpler prompts also produce clinically acceptable outputs for efficiency.

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Area of Science:

Dental informatics
Artificial intelligence in healthcare
Clinical documentation

Background:

Clinical dictation in dentistry is time-consuming and variable in quality.
Generative AI tools offer potential solutions for automating and improving dictation.
The clinical reliability of AI-generated dental dictations has not been previously assessed.

Purpose of the Study:

To evaluate the performance of five AI systems (Copilot, ChatGPT v4, ChatGPT v5, Gemini v2.5, OpenEvidence) in generating dental dictations.
To compare dictation accuracy, completeness, and clinical relevance using different prompt structures.
To determine the minimum clinician input required for acceptable AI-generated dictations.

Main Methods:

Two distinct clinical scenarios (surgical implant placement, restorative crown placement) were developed.
AI systems processed scenarios using structured prompts (SP) and minimum specific prompts.
Outputs were compared for accuracy, completeness, clinical relevance, and stylistic differences.

Main Results:

All five AI systems produced clinically accurate dental dictations using the SP format for both procedures.
Key procedural steps were consistently documented across all tested AI software.
While minimum prompts resulted in less descriptive dictations, they captured essential steps and were clinically acceptable.

Conclusions:

AI tools (Copilot, ChatGPT, Gemini, OpenEvidence) effectively assist in generating dental procedure dictations with structured prompts.
Shorter, clinically acceptable dictations can be achieved with minimum prompts, enhancing efficiency in busy practices.
AI technology shows promise for improving dental documentation efficiency and consistency, complementing clinician oversight.