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Related Concept Videos

Appendicitis-I: Introduction01:22

Appendicitis-I: Introduction

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The appendix, a small, narrow, blind tube extending from the inferior part of the cecum, is widely regarded as a vestigial organ, having lost much of its original function through evolution. Despite its diminished role, the appendix can become inflamed, a condition known as appendicitis.
Etiology: Appendicitis can arise from various causes, primarily rooted in the obstruction of the appendix lumen. Factors contributing to this obstruction include fecal accumulation, lymphoid hyperplasia and, in...
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Appendicitis-II: Diagnostic Studies and Management01:29

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Diagnosing and managing appendicitis requires a structured and comprehensive approach that spans from initial assessment to postoperative care. Here is an overview of the process:
Diagnosing Appendicitis
It requires a multifaceted approach, starting with a detailed physical examination to pinpoint the location and nature of the pain and identify any associated symptoms. Laboratory tests play a crucial role. A complete Blood Count (CBC) typically reveals leukocytosis (an increased number of...
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Abdominal Regions and Quadrants01:19

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To promote clear communication, for instance, about the location of a patient's abdominal pain or a suspicious mass, anatomists and clinicians typically use imaginary lines to categorize the abdominopelvic cavity into either four quadrants or nine regions to identify organs in the cavity.
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Inflammatory Bowel Disease II: Crohn's Disease01:30

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Introduction
Inflammatory bowel disease, commonly known as IBD, refers to a collection of disorders that lead to persistent inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract. The two types of IBD are ulcerative colitis, which impacts the colon, and Crohn's disease, which can involve any part of the gastrointestinal segment.
Crohn's disease
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Chronic Pancreatitis I: Introduction01:24

Chronic Pancreatitis I: Introduction

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The pancreas, an elongated and flat gland situated behind the stomach, serves a vital function in digesting food and managing blood sugar levels.
Pancreatitis is the inflammation of the pancreas, which occurs when the immune system becomes active and causes swelling, pain, and disruptions in organ function. Pancreatitis can manifest as either an acute or chronic condition.
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Acute Pancreatitis I: Introduction01:27

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Pancreatitis is inflammation of the pancreas, an organ located behind the stomach. It can be either acute or chronic.
Acute pancreatitis is characterized by rapid inflammation of the pancreas, often caused by factors like gallstone blockage or excessive alcohol consumption. Chronic pancreatitis, on the other hand, is a slow, progressive inflammation that may result from long-term alcohol abuse, obstructions in the pancreatic duct, or genetic factors.
The causes of acute pancreatitis include:
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Updated: Jan 11, 2026

Murine Appendectomy Model of Chronic Colitis Associated Colorectal Cancer by Precise Localization of Caecal Patch
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Appendicitis.

Paulina Salminen1,2, Jussi Haijanen3,4, Peter C Minneci5

  • 1Department of Surgery, University of Turku, Turku, Finland. paulina.salminen@tyks.fi.

Nature Reviews. Disease Primers
|November 13, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Acute appendicitis, commonly causing abdominal pain, is now understood to have varied courses. Many cases can be treated with antibiotics, challenging the need for immediate surgery in all instances.

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Area of Science:

  • Gastroenterology
  • Surgical Pathology
  • Clinical Medicine

Background:

  • Appendicitis is a frequent cause of acute abdominal pain and surgical emergencies.
  • The traditional view of appendicitis inevitably progressing to perforation is being challenged.
  • The appendix's role in microbiota and immunology is under investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the evolving understanding of appendicitis pathophysiology and clinical course.
  • To highlight advances in diagnosis and treatment strategies.
  • To emphasize the need for standardized definitions of appendicitis severity.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent evidence challenging the dogma of appendicitis progression.
  • Analysis of advancements in diagnostic accuracy using scoring systems and imaging.
  • Evaluation of outcomes for non-operative (antibiotic) and operative treatments.

Main Results:

  • Appendicitis is not always a surgical emergency; a smaller proportion progresses to perforation.
  • Antibiotic therapy is effective for the majority of appendicitis cases.
  • Spontaneous resolution occurs in some patients, indicating distinct disease forms (uncomplicated vs. complicated).

Conclusions:

  • Appendicitis has at least two forms: non-perforating (uncomplicated) and perforating (complicated).
  • Non-operative management with antibiotics is a safe and effective option for many.
  • Standardized definitions and assessment methods are crucial for comparing studies and establishing treatment guidelines.