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Defining "Overburdened Communities" in State Level Legislation Using Cumulative Impacts Frameworks to Inform

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Definitions of overburdened communities (OBCs) that include race/ethnicity show greater disparities in air pollutant exposure. Without significant intervention, these inequalities are projected to worsen over time, impacting public health.

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Health
  • Environmental Justice
  • Public Health Policy

Background:

  • Geographic-specific strategies are crucial for reducing air pollution and mitigating disparate health impacts.
  • State legislation uses varied definitions for identifying areas with high pollutant levels and specific population characteristics, but their effectiveness is not well understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate how different legislative definitions of overburdened communities (OBCs) capture areas with excess air pollutants.
  • To assess the implications of these definitions for reducing air pollution exposure and health inequities.

Main Methods:

  • Extracted OBC definitions from state legislation (pre-May 2024) using cumulative impact frameworks.
  • Analyzed PM2.5 concentration correlations with common OBC indicators in Michigan at the census block group (CBG) level.
  • Utilized generalized linear mixed models to forecast PM2.5 disparities from 2019-2039 under various intervention scenarios.

Main Results:

  • OBC definitions incorporating race/ethnicity revealed significantly larger PM2.5 disparities compared to those based on income.
  • Forecasting models predict increasing PM2.5 inequalities over time for all OBC definitions under current and moderately accelerated intervention scenarios.

Conclusions:

  • PM2.5 concentration differences are most pronounced when OBC definitions include race/ethnicity.
  • Without doubling or quadrupling current reduction rates, exposure inequalities for race/ethnicity-defined OBCs are unlikely to be eliminated, highlighting the need for stronger environmental justice policies.