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Related Concept Videos

Pathophysiology of Diabetes01:20

Pathophysiology of Diabetes

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. The four categories of diabetes are type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, other specific types of diabetes, and gestational diabetes.
Type 1 diabetes is characterized by autoimmune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β cells, with environmental factors potentially triggering this process in genetically susceptible individuals. Despite many not having a family history, certain genes increase susceptibility, suggesting a...
Diabetic Ketoacidosis ll: Pathophysiology01:22

Diabetic Ketoacidosis ll: Pathophysiology

Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a metabolic emergency characterized by hyperglycemia, ketonemia, and metabolic acidosis. It results from severe insulin deficiency and an excess of counterregulatory hormones, leading to uncontrolled lipolysis, ketogenesis, and widespread electrolyte and fluid disturbances.Pathophysiology The central event in DKA is a profound loss of insulin action. Without insulin, glucose uptake in insulin-dependent tissues is impaired, while hepatic glucose production...
Diabetic Foot Ulcer01:31

Diabetic Foot Ulcer

Definition A diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) is a chronic, non-healing wound that develops in individuals with diabetes. It typically occurs on pressure-bearing areas such as the heel, metatarsal heads, or hallux, and carries a high risk of infection and amputation.Pathophysiology • The development of DFUs can be explained by four interconnected mechanisms: neuropathy, ischemia, infection, and impaired wound healing. • Neuropathy is the most common factor. Sensory neuropathy reduces pain perception,...
Diabetic Retinopathy01:27

Diabetic Retinopathy

DefinitionDiabetic retinopathy is a microvascular complication of diabetes affecting the retinal blood vessels.Risk FactorsDiabetic retinopathy is present in almost all individuals with type 1 diabetes and more than 60% of those with type 2 diabetes after two decades of disease.The risk increases with poor glycemic control, hypertension, dyslipidemia, smoking, pregnancy, and puberty.Although cataracts and glaucoma are also more frequent in people with diabetes, retinopathy remains the leading...
Diabetic Nephropathy01:28

Diabetic Nephropathy

Definition Diabetic nephropathy is a chronic kidney complication that results from prolonged hyperglycemia.Prevalence It is the most common cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) worldwide, affecting up to half of individuals with diabetes.Pathophysiology • Sustained hyperglycemia triggers multiple hemodynamic and metabolic changes in the kidney. • Early in the disease, increased renal blood flow and glomerular hyperfiltration occur due to afferent arteriolar...
Diabetic Neuropathy01:22

Diabetic Neuropathy

DefinitionDiabetic neuropathy is nerve damage caused by long-standing diabetes mellitus. It results directly from prolonged high blood sugar levels.PathophysiologyThe pathophysiology of diabetic neuropathy involves both metabolic and vascular disturbances triggered by chronic hyperglycemia.Metabolic injury: Elevated glucose levels activate the polyol pathway within nerve cells, leading to the accumulation of sorbitol and fructose. This increases oxidative stress, disrupts normal nerve...

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Trypsin Digest Protocol to Analyze the Retinal Vasculature of a Mouse Model
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Diabetic keratopathy and nuclear proteins (Review).

Haiying Xu1, Zhi-Liang Jiang2, Yuehong Wang3

  • 1Department of Histology and Pathology, Henan Provincial Research Center of Engineering Technology for Nuclear Protein Medical Detection, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Zhengzhou Health College, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, P.R. China.

Molecular Medicine Reports
|November 14, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Diabetic keratopathy (DK), an eye complication of diabetes mellitus (DM), involves corneal damage. Nuclear proteins (NPs) are implicated, but their exact role in DK pathogenesis requires further study for better patient outcomes.

Keywords:
PEST‑containing nuclear proteindiabetes mellitusdiabetic keratopathydiabetic retinopathynuclear proteins

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Endocrinology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Diabetic keratopathy (DK) is a serious ocular complication of diabetes mellitus (DM).
  • Chronic hyperglycemia in DM leads to progressive damage in corneal epithelium, nerves, stroma, and endothelium.
  • Nuclear proteins (NPs) are crucial for nuclear functions and are linked to DM development and complications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current understanding of diabetic keratopathy (DK).
  • To highlight the role of specific nuclear proteins (NPs) in the pathogenesis of DK.
  • To identify knowledge gaps and suggest future research directions for DK management.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of existing studies on diabetic keratopathy (DK).
  • Focus on the involvement of key nuclear proteins (NPs) such as PPARs, HMGB1, EZH, PTEN, and SIRT in DK.
  • Analysis of current understanding and identification of research needs.

Main Results:

  • DK involves damage to multiple corneal layers due to diabetes-induced metabolic changes.
  • Several core nuclear proteins (NPs) are implicated in DK pathogenesis.
  • The precise mechanisms by which these NPs contribute to DK are not fully understood.

Conclusions:

  • The roles of nuclear proteins (NPs) in diabetic keratopathy (DK) pathogenesis are complex and require further investigation.
  • Elucidating these molecular mechanisms is crucial for developing novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for DK.
  • Future research should prioritize mechanistic studies and clinical trials to improve DK management.