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Related Concept Videos

Teeth01:15

Teeth

1.6K
The formation of teeth, also known as odontogenesis, is a complex process that begins in utero, around the sixth week of embryonic development. There are three stages to this process: the bud stage, the cap stage, and the bell stage.
In the bud stage, the tooth germ (an aggregation of cells) starts to form in the developing jawbone. During the cap stage, the tooth germ differentiates into enamel organ, dental papilla, and dental sac, which will later develop into the tooth's enamel, dentin...
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Tooth Anatomy01:21

Tooth Anatomy

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The human tooth enables us to eat a variety of foods, speak clearly, and even aid in shaping our faces. Teeth are composed of various elements that work together. Here's a detailed look at the anatomy of a human tooth.
The Crown, Neck, and Root
The visible part of the tooth is referred to as the crown. It's covered by enamel, the hardest substance in the human body. The crown is uniquely shaped for each type of tooth, allowing for different functions such as cutting, tearing, or...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 11, 2026

Sampling and Pretreatment of Tooth Enamel Carbonate for Stable Carbon and Oxygen Isotope Analysis
07:57

Sampling and Pretreatment of Tooth Enamel Carbonate for Stable Carbon and Oxygen Isotope Analysis

Published on: August 15, 2018

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Variation in Modern Human Deciduous Molar Enamel Formation Time.

Patrick Mahoney1, Gina McFarlane2, Petrina Barnard1

  • 1The Histology Lab, School of Natural Sciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK.

American Journal of Biological Anthropology
|November 14, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Modern human deciduous molar enamel formation times show minor geographic variation, but archaeological samples completed enamel formation months earlier than present-day populations. This suggests shifts in early growth rates influenced development.

Keywords:
deciduous teethdental developmentenamel formation

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Last Updated: Jan 11, 2026

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Area of Science:

  • Paleoanthropology
  • Human Biology
  • Developmental Biology

Background:

  • Deciduous molar enamel formation times offer insights into juvenile fossil hominin development.
  • Understanding modern human enamel formation variation is crucial for comparative studies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate geographic and temporal variation in modern human prenatal and postnatal enamel cusp formation times.
  • Analyze enamel formation rates and amounts to understand differences in timing.

Main Methods:

  • Histological analysis of 356 deciduous first and second molars from eight modern and archaeological populations.
  • Formation times calculated using prism lengths and daily cross striations.

Main Results:

  • Present-day populations showed similar total cusp formation times, with Pacific Islanders forming faster.
  • Archaeological samples completed enamel cusp formation 2.5–3 months earlier than present-day groups.
  • Slower growth rates and extended postnatal formation periods contributed to longer formation times.

Conclusions:

  • Few significant differences in enamel formation times exist among present-day populations.
  • Earlier enamel completion in archaeological samples may reflect changes in somatic growth pace.