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Related Concept Videos

Viral Mutations00:36

Viral Mutations

A mutation is a change in the sequence of bases of DNA or RNA in a genome. Some mutations occur during replication of the genome due to errors made by the polymerase enzymes that replicate DNA or RNA. Unlike DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase is prone to errors because it is not capable of “proofreading” its work. Viruses with RNA-based genomes, like HIV, therefore accrue mutations faster than viruses with DNA-based genomes. Because mutation and recombination provide the raw material for adaptive...
Conjugated Proteins02:50

Conjugated Proteins

Simple proteins and protein complexes contain only amino acids. In contrast, many other proteins, called conjugated proteins, covalently bond with non-protein moieties.
Nucleoproteins are protein complexes that contain nucleic acids, categorized as deoxyribonucleoproteins (DNPs) or ribonucleoproteins (RNPs) respectively. The nucleosome is a typical example of a DNP where nuclear DNA is associated with histone proteins. The major antigen for the Covid-19 virus SARS-CoV is an RNP that is critical...
Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms-SNPs01:05

Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms-SNPs

A single nucleotide polymorphism or SNP is a single nucleotide variation at a specific genomic position in a large population. It is the most prevalent type of sequence variation found in the human genome. Point mutations that occur in more than 1% of the population qualify as SNPs. These are present once every 1000 nucleotides on an average in the human genome. Replacement of a purine with another purine (A/G) or a pyrimidine with another pyrimidine (C/T) is known as a transition. In contrast,...
Coronavirus01:29

Coronavirus

Coronaviruses, including the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), are enveloped viruses characterized by their single-stranded, positive-sense RNA genome and helical nucleocapsid structure. The hallmark of these viruses is their club-shaped spike (S) glycoproteins that protrude from the viral envelope, facilitating attachment to host cells. Typically, coronaviruses infect the upper respiratory tract, often causing mild or asymptomatic disease. However, certain strains like...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 11, 2026

Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Neutralizing Antibodies using High-Throughput Fluorescent Imaging of Pseudovirus Infection
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Reprogramming the SARS-CoV-1 Neutralizing Antibody S230 to SARS-CoV-2 via Directed Evolution and Molecular

Inji Jung1,2,3, Dinesh Kumar Sriramulu4, Sun-Gu Lee4

  • 1Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul 02707, Republic of Korea.

ACS Synthetic Biology
|November 14, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Researchers reprogrammed a SARS-CoV-1 antibody to target SARS-CoV-2 using directed evolution and molecular docking. The modified antibody neutralized SARS-CoV-2, demonstrating a new platform for adapting antibodies to emerging pathogens.

Keywords:
SARS-CoV-1SARS-CoV-2antibody reprogrammingcomputational modelingdirected evolution

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Structural Biology
  • Synthetic Biology

Background:

  • The SARS-CoV-1 neutralizing antibody S230 lacks activity against SARS-CoV-2.
  • Developing broad-spectrum neutralizing antibodies is crucial for pandemic preparedness.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To reprogram the antigen specificity of the SARS-CoV-1 antibody S230 to target SARS-CoV-2.
  • To investigate the molecular basis of antibody specificity reprogramming.

Main Methods:

  • Constructed an error-prone single-chain variable fragment (scFv) library from S230.
  • Screened the library using bacterial display against the SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain (RBD).
  • Utilized molecular docking and reversion analysis to understand mutation effects.

Main Results:

  • Identified IJ36-V, an optimized antibody variant with efficient SARS-CoV-2 neutralization.
  • IJ36-V retained cross-reactivity with SARS-CoV-1 RBD, showing extended functional breadth.
  • Two specific mutations (R56W and N57Y) were found to cooperatively stabilize the binding interface.

Conclusions:

  • A limited set of synergistic mutations can enable antigen recognition of related but divergent targets.
  • Established a modular and evolvable platform for antibody reprogramming using synthetic biology.
  • Demonstrated rapid adaptation of antibody scaffolds for emerging viral threats.