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Related Concept Videos

Neural Control of Respiration01:18

Neural Control of Respiration

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The neural regulation of respiration is a meticulously coordinated process primarily controlled by the respiratory centers located within the brainstem. These centers, composed of specialized neurons, transmit nerve impulses that control the contraction and relaxation of our respiratory muscles.
Respiratory Centers in the Brainstem
Two primary areas comprise the respiratory center: the medullary respiratory center in the medulla oblongata and the pontine respiratory group in the pons. The...
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Physiology of Respiration II: Neurogenic Control of Respiration01:22

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The neurogenic control of respiration coordinates various neural networks and pathways to regulate breathing rate and depth, meeting the body's oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange requirements. This system adapts to physiological and environmental conditions, ensuring optimal breathing patterns.
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Other Factors Affecting Respiration Centers01:17

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Breathing is primarily an involuntary activity regulated by the brainstem respiratory centers. However, it can also be consciously controlled, allowing us to hold our breath or take deeper breaths when needed. This voluntary control is facilitated by the cerebral motor cortex, which bypasses the medullary centers to stimulate the respiratory muscles directly.
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Mechanical ventilators are life-saving devices that support or replace spontaneous breathing. They deliver breaths to patients through varying methods known as ventilator modes. Understanding these modes is critical for healthcare providers managing patients with respiratory failure.
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Physiological Control of Respiration01:23

Physiological Control of Respiration

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Introduction
Breathing, a seemingly passive process, is regulated by the respiratory center in the brainstem. This center coordinates the involuntary control of respirations, which means it occurs without conscious effort, ensuring a smooth and uninterrupted pattern.
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Brain Imaging01:14

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Brain imaging technologies provide critical insights into both the structure and function of the human brain, enabling medical professionals and researchers to diagnose, study, and treat neurological disorders or psychiatric disorders more effectively.
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Updated: Jan 11, 2026

Resting-State Connectivity and Neuroimaging of Prefrontal Cortex Activity During a Block-Design Yoga Asana Practice Using fNIRS
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Breathing mode selectively modulates brain-wide functional connectivity.

Sadeq Mohammadi1, Gholam-Ali Hossein-Zadeh1,2, Mohammad Reza Raoufy3,4

  • 1Department of Bioelectric, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.

Plos One
|November 14, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Breathing through your nose versus your mouth impacts brain connectivity differently. Nasal breathing engages higher-order networks, while oral breathing focuses on the brainstem, revealing a novel respiration-entrained brain oscillation network (REBON).

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Human Brain Imaging

Background:

  • Respiration is known to rhythmically modulate brain activity.
  • The distinct effects of nasal versus oral breathing on frequency-specific large-scale neural connectivity remain unexplored in humans.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how nasal and oral breathing modes modulate functional brain connectivity.
  • To identify frequency-specific large-scale neural network engagement during different breathing patterns.

Main Methods:

  • Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was employed in 20 healthy male participants.
  • Analysis focused on blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) fluctuations in the 0.1-0.2 Hz frequency band.
  • Data-driven ROI-based inference and seed-based connectivity (SBC) analysis with nonparametric permutation testing were utilized.

Main Results:

  • Nasal breathing significantly activated the olfactory region, increasing connectivity in higher-order networks (salience, somatosensory, default mode, frontoparietal).
  • Oral breathing significantly activated the brainstem, increasing connectivity in subcortical autonomic regulation regions.
  • Both modes engaged a stable core of respiratory regions (hippocampus, amygdala, insula).

Conclusions:

  • A novel respiration-entrained brain oscillation network (REBON) was identified, specific to the 0.1-0.2 Hz band.
  • REBON activity is characterized by alternating dominance between the olfactory region (nasal breathing) and brainstem (oral breathing), with a stable limbic/interoceptive core.
  • Findings suggest potential therapeutic implications for cognitive function, emotion regulation, and brain network integrity.