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Nonradical Pathway Regulation Through Electronic Structure Modulation for Multifarious Wastewater.

Xiya Chen1, Dingle Wu1, Yangzhu Qian1

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Small (Weinheim an Der Bergstrasse, Germany)
|November 14, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Single-atom catalysts (SACs) with o-phenanthroline stabilize Fe-N4 active sites, enhancing pollutant removal via electron transfer pathways for effective water cleanup.

Keywords:
Fe‐N4 active centerelectron transfer processelectronic structurefenton‐like reactiono‐phenanthroline

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Environmental Chemistry
  • Catalysis

Background:

  • Single-atom catalysts (SACs) show promise for water remediation by controlling radical and nonradical pathways.
  • Pollutant decontamination is hindered by limited electron utilization efficiency in existing SACs.
  • Developing efficient catalysts requires modulating reaction pathways and enhancing electron transfer.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To stabilize Fe single atoms on carbon nitride using o-phenanthroline, creating a robust Fe-N4 active site.
  • To modulate reaction pathways for enhanced pollutant removal, specifically targeting tetracycline hydrochloride (TH) and diclofenac (DCF).
  • To investigate the role of o-phenanthroline in enhancing electron transfer and catalyst performance across a wide pH range.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of o-phenanthroline-stabilized Fe single atoms on carbon nitride (phen-Fe-CN).
  • Investigation of catalytic activity using Fenton and peroxymonosulfate (PMS) systems for TH and DCF degradation.
  • Characterization of electronic structure modulation and reaction pathway analysis (singlet oxygen vs. electron transfer pathway).

Main Results:

  • The phen-Fe-CN catalyst demonstrated enhanced electron transfer pathway (ETP) selectivity for TH and DCF degradation with PMS.
  • Kinetics and removal efficiency were significantly improved compared to Fe-CN catalysts.
  • The catalyst exhibited excellent performance across a broad pH range (1-13) with sustained stability and environmental adaptability.

Conclusions:

  • O-phenanthroline effectively stabilizes Fe single atoms, forming Fe-N4 active sites that promote ETP for pollutant degradation.
  • The modified catalyst offers superior efficiency and stability for water treatment applications.
  • This study provides insights into catalyst design for targeted pathway regulation in environmental remediation.