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Related Concept Videos

Parkinson's Disease: Overview01:15

Parkinson's Disease: Overview

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Neurodegenerative disorders are progressive diseases that cause irreversible damage and loss to neurons in specific brain areas. Examples of these disorders include Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Multiple Sclerosis (MS), and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). These disorders share characteristics such as proteinopathies, selective neuronal vulnerability, and a complex interplay between genetic and environmental factors. The primary therapeutic goal for these conditions is...
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Parkinson's Disease: Treatment01:24

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Neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson's Disease (PD), involve the gradual and irreversible destruction of neurons in particular brain areas. These disorders exhibit standard features like proteinopathies, selective vulnerability of some neurons, and an interaction of intrinsic properties, genetics, and environmental influences in neural injury.
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REM Sleep Behavior Disorder01:15

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REM Sleep Behavior Disorder (RBD) is a sleep disorder characterized by the absence of muscle paralysis that normally occurs during the REM phase of sleep. This absence allows individuals to physically act out their dreams, which are often vivid and disturbing. Common behaviors exhibited during episodes include kicking, punching, and yelling. These actions can be dangerous, potentially leading to injuries for the person with RBD or their bed partner.
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Neural Regulation01:37

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Digestion begins with a cephalic phase that prepares the digestive system to receive food. When our brain processes visual or olfactory information about food, it triggers impulses in the cranial nerves innervating the salivary glands and stomach to prepare for food.
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Psychosis: Pathophysiology of Schizophrenia and Other Psychotic Disorders01:27

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Schizophrenia is a neurodevelopmental disorder whose origins are rooted in complex genetic components. Despite our burgeoning understanding, the pathophysiology of this disorder remains incompletely deciphered.
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Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is a continually advancing neurodegenerative disorder, distinguished by escalating memory loss, cognitive dysfunction, and dementia. The disease unfolds in three stages: preclinical, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and dementia. Its onset is insidious, and the progression gradual, with the cause not well explained by other disorders.
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Updated: Jan 11, 2026

Handwriting Analysis Indicates Spontaneous Dyskinesias in Neuroleptic Naïve Adolescents at High Risk for Psychosis
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Prodromal Parkinson's disease.

L Grass1, S Grimaldi2, P Damier3

  • 1CHU de Nantes, Clinique neurologique, CIC 1413, hôpital Laennec, Nantes, France.

Revue Neurologique
|November 14, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Parkinson's disease (PD) begins years before symptoms appear. Identifying prodromal PD symptoms like sleep disorders and cognitive changes aids early diagnosis and personalized treatment.

Keywords:
ConstipationDysautonomiaHyposmiaMild cognitive impairmentParkinson's diseaseProdromal stageRapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Neurology
  • Gerontology

Background:

  • Parkinson's disease (PD) neurodegeneration starts years before clinical symptoms manifest.
  • Prodromal PD presents with subtle motor, cognitive, sleep, sensory, and autonomic symptoms.
  • Rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder (RBD) is a highly specific early sign of PD.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review prodromal PD symptoms, biomarkers, and pathogenesis.
  • To highlight the importance of early detection for personalized treatment.
  • To discuss the evolving diagnostic criteria for prodromal PD.

Main Methods:

  • Review of scientific literature on prodromal Parkinson's disease.
  • Analysis of identified prodromal symptoms and biomarkers.
  • Synthesis of current understanding of PD pathogenesis.

Main Results:

  • Numerous prodromal symptoms identified, including RBD, mild cognitive impairment, and subtle motor deficits.
  • Biological and imaging biomarkers are emerging for pre-clinical PD detection.
  • Diagnostic criteria for prodromal PD have improved in sensitivity and specificity.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding prodromal PD enables earlier diagnosis and prognosis.
  • Focusing on diverse prodromal symptoms, not just RBD, is crucial.
  • Advances in prodromal PD knowledge facilitate personalized therapies and potentially disease modification.