The Pedicled Deep Temporalis Muscle Flap in Endoscopic Transorbital Approach: How I Do It

Minimally invasive skull base techniques are increasingly adopted for their reduced morbidity and improved cosmetic outcomes. This study presents an endoscopic transorbital approach (TOA) for skull base surgery and introduces a novel reconstruction technique using a pedicled deep temporalis muscle flap. Preclinical and clinical results demonstrate its feasibility, safety, and potential for broader surgical use.