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The DNA Helix01:16

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Deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA, is the genetic material responsible for passing traits from generation to generation in all organisms and most viruses. DNA is composed of two strands of nucleotides that wind around each other to form a spring-like structure called a double helix. However, the double helix is not perfectly symmetrical. Instead, there are regularly occurring grooves in the structure. The major groove occurs where the sugar-phosphate backbones are relatively far apart. This space...
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For successful DNA replication, the unwinding of double-stranded DNA must be accompanied by stabilization and protection of the separated single strands of the DNA. This crucial task is performed by single-strand DNA-binding (SSB) proteins. They bind to the DNA in a sequence-independent manner, which means that the nitrogenous bases of the DNA need not be present in a specific order for binding of SSB proteins to it. The binding of SSB proteins straightens single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) and makes...
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The pentose sugar in DNA is deoxyribose, while in RNA the pentose sugar is ribose. The difference between the sugars is the presence of the hydroxyl group on the ribose's second carbon and a hydrogen on the deoxyribose's second carbon. The phosphate residue attaches to the hydroxyl group of the 5′ carbon of one sugar and the hydroxyl group of the 3′ carbon of the sugar of the next nucleotide, which forms  a 5′ to 3′ phosphodiester linkage.
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DNA unwinding helicase enzymes are a type of motor protein. Motor proteins can translocate along filaments or polymers using energy generated from ATP hydrolysis. Helicases are involved in all the important cellular processes where DNA unwinding is required, such as DNA replication, repair, recombination, and transcription. They are present in all living organisms, but vary in their structure, function, and mechanism of action. For example, in prokaryotes, DnaB helicase binds and translocates...
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DNA G-quadruplexes: Structural and functional insights.

Sagun Jonchhe1, Sudipta Lahiri1, Eli Rothenberg1

  • 1Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.

DNA Repair
|November 15, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Guanine-quadruplex (G4) structures in DNA and RNA are crucial for genome maintenance and linked to diseases like cancer. Targeting these G4 structures offers promising therapeutic strategies, especially in cancer treatment.

Keywords:
CancerCrowdingDNA damage repairG-quadruplexG4-conformationGenomic instabilityNanoconfinementReplicationSuper-resolution microscopySynthetic lethalityTranscription

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Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Molecular Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Guanine-rich DNA regions form G-quadruplex (G4) structures, stabilized by stacked guanine quartets.
  • Evidence supports G4 formation in vitro and in vivo, involving both DNA and RNA.
  • G4 structures play roles in transcription, replication, and genomic integrity, and are implicated in diseases.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive overview of DNA G-quadruplex structure, function, and biological significance.
  • To highlight the role of G4 structures in genome maintenance and their association with cancer.
  • To explore therapeutic strategies targeting G4 structures for cancer treatment.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing biochemical and structural evidence for G4 formation.
  • Analysis of genome-wide occurrence and roles of G4 structures.
  • Exploration of drug design strategies and therapeutic potential of G4 targeting.

Main Results:

  • G4 structures are prevalent in the genome and influence key biological processes.
  • G4 structures are implicated in various cancers and are targeted by DNA repair proteins.
  • Targeting G4 structures shows potential for cancer therapy, including synthetic lethality approaches.

Conclusions:

  • DNA G-quadruplexes are vital for genome stability and function.
  • G4 structures represent significant targets for cancer drug development.
  • Further research into G4 biology may uncover new therapeutic avenues.