Vitality in older adults: A state-of-the-science review

Vitality is increasingly recognized as a multidimensional biophysiological state influenced by physical, emotional, cognitive, social, and subjective factors. However, there is no consensus on its definition, and existing nursing theories and related constructs, such as quality of life and functional status, fail to fully capture its complexity. This state-of-the-science review synthesized findings from 35 research studies to examine how vitality is defined, assessed, and influenced in older adults. The review identified significant variability in measurement tools, with most instruments assessing only one or two domains of vitality. Key findings indicate that low-intensity physical activities, psychological well-being, social engagement, and good physical health enhance vitality, while chronic illness, isolation, and mental health challenges diminish it. Notable gaps include the lack of culturally inclusive research and inadequate integration of older adults' perspectives. These findings underscore the need for a unified conceptual framework and comprehensive assessment tools that reflect the perceptions and experiences of older adults and support person-centered interventions to promote healthy aging.