SPG360° and SpermoMAP: a functional and stratified interpretation model for human semen analysis in frontline...

Semen analysis is a fundamental component of male reproductive evaluation; however, its interpretation remains inconsistent and often challenging for non-specialist practitioners. The 6th Edition of the World Health Organization (WHO) Laboratory Manual replaced rigid thresholds with decision-limit-based reasoning, increasing interpretive flexibility but also complexity, which may delay timely referral and appropriate counseling.

To develop and present a structured and clinically applicable framework for semen analysis interpretation that enhances diagnostic clarity and supports decision-making by frontline fertility care providers.

This conceptual framework integrates WHO standards, a critical review of the current literature, and extensive andrological expertise from high-complexity fertility care. Two interdependent models were created: the SPG360° functional classification (a six-tier viability framework) and the SpermoMAP diagnostic taxonomy (a stratified system of coded subtypes).

The SPG360° model stratifies semen profiles into six functional classes, ranging from non-viable to functionally normal, synthesizing multiple seminal parameters to infer reproductive potential. The companion SpermoMAP taxonomy provides more than 15 standardized diagnostic subtypes across domains, including ejaculate volume, pH, concentration, motility, morphology, vitality, inflammatory markers, and DNA integrity. Together, these frameworks enable structured interpretation, improve terminological consistency across disciplines, and establish a foundation for education, standardized reporting, and future algorithmic triage.

SPG360° and SpermoMAP constitute a functional, stratified, and clinically grounded approach to semen analysis interpretation. By transforming fragmented numerical results into actionable diagnostic categories, these frameworks may facilitate earlier and more accurate male fertility assessment by non-specialist clinicians, improve patient counseling, and support contemporary assisted reproduction strategies.

Many couples face challenges trying to conceive, and semen analysis is one of the first tests used to evaluate male fertility. However, these reports are often hard to interpret-even for doctors who do not specialize in male infertility. The numbers listed in a typical semen analysis do not always reflect a man's actual chance of achieving a pregnancy, which can cause confusion, unnecessary delays, and stress. To make this process easier and more meaningful, this paper introduces a new way of reading and organizing semen test results. It presents two frameworks: SPG360°, a system that sorts semen profiles into six functional categories based on their likely impact on fertility; and SpermoMAP, a detailed guide that identifies specific types of abnormalities found in the semen. Together, these frameworks help doctors better understand the significance of each result and decide if further treatment or referral is needed. The framework was developed by reviewing medical literature, clinical guidelines, and years of real-world experience in fertility care. It reflects how sperm function, not just numbers, plays a role in achieving pregnancy. This new approach may help doctors-especially those who are not fertility specialists-give clearer explanations to patients, reduce the time to appropriate treatment, and improve the emotional experience for couples. It is a practical step forward in making semen analysis a more helpful and understandable part of fertility care.