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Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. It affects approximately 5-8% of children globally, with around 60-70% of cases persisting into adulthood. ADHD has significant implications for educational attainment, social interactions, and occupational success.
Diagnostic Criteria and Symptoms
To diagnose ADHD, symptoms must manifest before age 12 and be evident across multiple settings....

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Altered Processing of Auditory Distractions Under Competing Inputs in Children With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity

Yuanjun Kong¹, Xuye Yuan², Chen Dang³

¹State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Adolescent Cyberpsychology and Behavior (CCNU), Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China; Key Laboratory of Human Development and Mental Health of Hubei Province, School of Psychology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China.

Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry

|November 15, 2025

Summary

Children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) show atypical auditory distraction processing, with earlier brain responses and increased sensitivity to irrelevant sounds. These neural differences are linked to specific ADHD symptom types.

Keywords:

ADHD MMN P3a auditory distraction theta activities

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Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Developmental Psychology
Clinical Psychology

Background:

Children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) struggle to filter irrelevant information, impacting their ability to process auditory distractions, especially when visual attention demands vary.
These attentional difficulties may stem from underlying neural mechanisms affecting how the brain responds to competing sensory inputs.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the neural mechanisms of auditory distraction processing in children with ADHD under different visual attention demands.
To compare the brain activity of children with ADHD and typically developing (TD) children in response to auditory stimuli during a visual task.

Main Methods:

Electroencephalography (EEG) was used to record brain activity in 51 children with ADHD and 48 TD children.
Participants performed a visual detection task while exposed to simultaneous, irrelevant auditory stimuli under varying visual attention loads.

Main Results:

Typically developing children showed decreased mismatch negativity (MMN) amplitude with increased visual attention demands, an effect absent in children with ADHD.
Children with ADHD exhibited enhanced P3a responses, earlier MMN and P3a latencies, and greater frontal theta intertrial phase coherence (ITPC) and power to auditory changes.
Shorter MMN latency correlated with inattention, while larger MMN amplitude correlated with hyperactivity/impulsivity in the ADHD group.

Conclusions:

Children with ADHD display atypical auditory distractibility, characterized by a lack of attention-demand modulation in MMN and heightened P3a responses.
Earlier MMN and P3a latencies in ADHD suggest excessive sensitivity to auditory distractions, with increased frontal theta ITPC and power indicating stronger neural synchronization.
MMN amplitude and latency are differentially associated with ADHD symptom dimensions, offering neurophysiological insights into altered auditory processing in ADHD.