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Vaccinations01:51

Vaccinations

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A Trap-Vaccinate-Release Protocol for Immunization of Skunks and Additional Rabies Vectors Against Rabies
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Do "soft" interventions matter more than vaccination? Rabies as an example.

Nyuk Sian Chong1, Thanisha Kaliapan1, Can Chen2

  • 1Faculty of Computer Science and Mathematics, University Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala, 21030, Terengganu, Malaysia.

Mathematical Biosciences
|November 15, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Rabies control can be improved by "soft" interventions like public awareness and fences, even when the reproduction number is high. These methods show greater potential for near-eradication than traditional vaccination programs alone.

Keywords:
Numerical simulationOrdinary differential equationRabiesSaturated incidenceStability analysisSteady states

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Area of Science:

  • Epidemiology
  • Mathematical Biology
  • Disease Control

Background:

  • Traditional interventions like vaccinations aim to reduce disease reproduction numbers below unity for eradication.
  • However, many diseases persist despite active intervention campaigns, indicating limitations in current strategies.
  • Rabies remains a persistent public health concern globally.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose and analyze an epidemic model for rabies incorporating "soft" interventions with a saturated incidence rate.
  • To evaluate the effectiveness of these "soft" interventions in achieving disease control and near-eradication.
  • To compare the impact of "soft" interventions against traditional vaccination programs.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a mathematical model for rabies transmission dynamics.
  • Incorporated a saturated incidence rate to represent "soft" interventions (e.g., public awareness, animal curfews, fences).
  • Utilized local and global stability analysis based on the reproduction number and performed numerical simulations.

Main Results:

  • The basic reproduction number determines local and global stability in the model.
  • Numerical simulations indicate that current practices may not lead to rabies eradication.
  • Altering the saturated incidence term with "soft" interventions demonstrated the potential for near-eradication, even with a reproduction number above unity.

Conclusions:

  • "Soft" interventions, such as public awareness campaigns, reduced contact, animal curfews, and fences, can be more effective for rabies control than vaccination programs alone.
  • Near-eradication of rabies is achievable by optimizing "soft" intervention strategies.
  • Mathematical modeling provides valuable insights into optimizing disease control strategies.