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Related Concept Videos

Esophageal Varices-I: Introduction01:24

Esophageal Varices-I: Introduction

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Esophageal varices are dilated, tortuous veins which are found mainly in the submucosa of the lower esophagus but which may also appear higher up or extend into the stomach. They develop due to increased pressure in the portal venous system, often as a result of liver cirrhosis. This condition scars and damages the liver, impeding normal blood flow through the portal vein. To compensate, blood seeks alternative pathways, forming fragile new vessels (varices) in the esophagus and stomach. These...
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Esophageal Varices-II: Clinical Features and Management01:28

Esophageal Varices-II: Clinical Features and Management

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Esophageal varices often manifest as gastrointestinal bleeding episodes, presenting symptoms like hematemesis (vomiting of blood), hematochezia (passing fresh blood via the rectum), and melena (black, tarry stools). Other signs can include weight loss, anorexia, abdominal discomfort, jaundice, pruritus, altered mental status, and muscle cramps.
In the initial assessment, a thorough review of the patient's medical history is vital to identify risk factors such as liver disease, alcohol...
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Assessment of the Rectum and Anus01:25

Assessment of the Rectum and Anus

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Evaluating the rectum and anus plays a crucial role in conducting a thorough physical examination of the gastrointestinal system. Although it may be uncomfortable and often embarrassing for the patient, it holds immense diagnostic value, particularly in detecting gastrointestinal diseases and abnormalities. This guide will explain how to perform this assessment using inspection and palpation methods.
Rectal Inspection
Begin by inspecting the perianal and anal areas for color, texture, rashes,...
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Varicose Veins II: Diagnostic Studies and Interprofessional Care01:26

Varicose Veins II: Diagnostic Studies and Interprofessional Care

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Varicose veins, or varicosities, develop when the valves in the veins, which control blood flow, weaken or damage. It causes blood to pool and the veins to enlarge. Understanding the clinical manifestations, diagnostic approaches, and management options for varicose veins is crucial for effective treatment and relief.Clinical manifestationsClinical manifestations of varicose veins include a heavy, achy feeling or pain after prolonged standing or sitting. This discomfort can often be relieved by...
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Varicose Veins I: Introduction01:26

Varicose Veins I: Introduction

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Varicose veins, or varicosities, are abnormally dilated and twisted superficial veins caused by venous valve incompetence. This condition commonly affects the lower extremities, especially the saphenous veins, due to the higher pressure from prolonged standing and walking. However, varicosities can also occur in other areas, such as the esophagus, vulva, spermatic cords, and anorectal region.Etiology and typesPrimary varicose veins, often idiopathic, are more common in women due to inherent...
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Disorders of Hemostasis01:24

Disorders of Hemostasis

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Hemostasis, the process that stops bleeding after a blood vessel injury, is crucial for maintaining the integrity of the circulatory system. However, disorders of hemostasis can disrupt this delicate balance, leading to either excessive clotting or bleeding. These disorders can be broadly classified into thromboembolic disorders and bleeding disorders.
Thromboembolic Disorders
Two factors primarily cause thromboembolic conditions.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 11, 2026

Acupoint Needle-Embedding Combined with Ironing Therapy for Postoperative Pain After Anal Surgery
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Hemorrhoids.

Fumiko Egawa1, Rebecca C Gologorsky1

  • 1Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Warren Alpert Medical School at Brown University, 208 Collyer Street, Suite 301A, Providence, RI 02906, USA.

The Surgical Clinics of North America
|November 15, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Hemorrhoid disease is a common condition impacting healthcare costs. This review covers hemorrhoid pathophysiology, diagnosis, and tailored treatment strategies for better patient outcomes.

Keywords:
Hemorrhoid infrared coagulationHemorrhoid sclerotherapyHemorrhoidectomyHemorrhoidopexyHemorrhoidsInternal and external hemorrhoidsRubber band ligation

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Area of Science:

  • Gastroenterology and Hepatology
  • Surgical Sciences

Background:

  • Hemorrhoid disease is a prevalent condition in Western countries, significantly contributing to healthcare expenditures.
  • A wide spectrum of treatment modalities, encompassing both surgical and nonoperative approaches, are currently available.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive review of the pathophysiology, diagnostic methods, and therapeutic options for hemorrhoid disease.
  • To emphasize the importance of personalized treatment plans based on disease characteristics, symptom severity, and patient comorbidities.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of existing studies on hemorrhoid disease.
  • Analysis of current diagnostic criteria and treatment guidelines.
  • Synthesis of information on disease mechanisms and risk factors.

Main Results:

  • Hemorrhoid disease management requires a tailored approach, considering individual patient factors.
  • Understanding pathophysiology is crucial for selecting appropriate treatments.
  • Modifiable risk factors should be addressed as part of the care plan.

Conclusions:

  • Effective management of hemorrhoid disease necessitates individualized treatment strategies.
  • Further research may focus on optimizing nonoperative treatments and refining surgical techniques.
  • Integrated care addressing risk factors and comorbidities improves patient management.