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Reduced chattering target-tracking sliding mode control for intraprocedural propofol control.

Roberto Costa Ceccato1, José Roberto Castilho Piqueira1

  • 1Department of Telecommunications and Control, Escola Politécnica da Universidade de São Paulo (EPUSP), Avenida Prof. Luciano Gualberto, travessa 3, n. 158, São Paulo, 05508-010, São Paulo, Brazil.

ISA Transactions
|November 15, 2025
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces a new sliding mode control (SMC) method to precisely manage depth of hypnosis (DoH) during general anesthesia (GA). The advanced control strategy effectively reduces anesthesia-related side effects and ensures patient safety.

Keywords:
Anesthesia controlChatteringDepth of hypnosisDrug dosingSliding mode control

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Area of Science:

  • Anesthesiology
  • Control Engineering
  • Biomedical Engineering

Background:

  • General anesthesia (GA) requires precise control of the depth of hypnosis (DoH) for patient safety.
  • Existing control strategies may suffer from issues like chattering and lack robustness.
  • Accurate DoH monitoring and control are crucial for optimizing anesthetic drug delivery.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and evaluate a reduced-chattering sliding mode control (SMC) strategy for automated DoH regulation during GA.
  • To enhance the safety and efficacy of anesthesia by minimizing undesirable control system oscillations.
  • To assess the controller's performance under various simulated clinical conditions.

Main Methods:

  • A novel SMC strategy was designed, utilizing DoH as the controlled variable and an infusion pump as the actuator.
  • A linear model approximation and a sigmoidal function were employed to mitigate chattering in the control signal.
  • A tracking-based approach was implemented to manage both induction and maintenance phases of GA.
  • Simulations incorporated patient-specific pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic parameters and DoH monitor dynamics, with and without noise and pain stimuli.

Main Results:

  • The proposed SMC strategy effectively eliminated high-frequency chattering.
  • Robust performance was demonstrated across simulations, including scenarios with external disturbances (noise, pain stimuli).
  • The controller accurately tracked desired DoH levels throughout simulated GA induction and maintenance phases.

Conclusions:

  • The reduced-chattering SMC strategy offers a promising approach for reliable automated DoH control in clinical settings.
  • The method's robustness and lack of chattering suggest improved patient safety and anesthetic management.
  • This control technique has the potential for real-world application in general anesthesia.