Current Advances of Sample Preparation Techniques for Detection of Growth Promoters from Meat Samples

The unregulated use of antibiotic residues in meat samples poses a significant threat to society, as it facilitates the growth of antibiotic-resistant bacterial species and negatively impacts the human immune system. The regulatory agencies created the maximum residue levels for individual growth promoters, including steroids, β-agonists, and various veterinary drugs. Therefore, it is essential to monitor the antibiotics and growth promoters in the meat samples for the safety of public health. To identify the sub - therapeutic level of antibiotic residues in animal-originated food samples, sample preparation techniques play a vital role because of its complex nature of the sample matrix and, subsequently, various regulation bodies set the stringent minimum criterion limits. Liquid-liquid extraction, Solid-phase extraction, and QuEChERS are the most common analytical techniques for antibiotic detection in meat. In this review, we highlighted the recent advances in sample preparation techniques such as traditional and microextraction techniques to monitor growth promoters in meat samples, emphasizing their applications, limitations, and future perspectives. The review also aligns with the sustainable development goals by promoting action that enhance life on land, ensure good health and well-being, and encourage industry innovation for sustainable establishment in related studies.