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Non-uniform contextual interactions in the visual cortex place fundamental limits on spatial vision.

Mitchell P Morton1, Sachira Denagamage1, Nyomi V Hudson2

  • 1Department of Neuroscience, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.

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|November 16, 2025
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Summary

Visual crowding reveals non-uniform interactions in the primary visual cortex (V1). Flanker geometry alters neural representation, demonstrating that early visual processing limits spatial vision.

Keywords:
CP: neuroscienceV1context modulationlaminar circuitperceptual asymmetrysurround modulationvisionvisual cortexvisual crowding

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Computational Neuroscience
  • Visual Perception

Background:

  • The primary visual cortex (V1) is traditionally assumed to perform spatially uniform contextual integration.
  • Perceptual phenomena like visual crowding indicate non-uniform interactions, particularly with flankers at specific geometric arrangements.
  • A discrepancy exists between the assumed uniform processing and observed non-uniform perceptual effects.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of flanker geometry on target stimulus representation within V1's laminar microcircuits.
  • To understand how non-uniform interactions arise and influence visual perception.

Main Methods:

  • Examined how flanker geometry affects neural representations in V1.
  • Utilized a normalization model with asymmetrical spatial kernels to explain observed effects.
  • Compared neural modulation patterns with perceptual anisotropies.

Main Results:

  • Flanker location differentially impairs stimulus representation in superficial and input layers of V1.
  • Observed tuned suppression and untuned facilitation of orientation responses based on flanker geometry.
  • Asymmetrical spatial kernels in the normalization model explained these neural modulations.
  • Neural representation modulations mirrored perceptual anisotropies.

Conclusions:

  • V1 exhibits non-uniform spatial integration of information.
  • This non-uniformity, driven by flanker geometry, differentially affects neural representations in V1's layers.
  • These findings demonstrate that non-uniform processing in early visual stages fundamentally limits spatial vision.