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Sensory receptors are specialized neurons that respond to specific types of external stimuli, initiating the process known as sensation. This occurs when sensory input, such as light entering the eye, is detected by these receptors, causing chemical changes in the cells of the retina. These cells then convert the sensory stimulus into action potentials that are transmitted to the central nervous system, a process termed transduction.
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Regression toward the mean (“RTM”) is a phenomenon in which extremely high or low values—for example, and individual’s blood pressure at a particular moment—appear closer to a group’s average upon remeasuring. Although this statistical peculiarity is the result of random error and chance, it has been problematic across various medical, scientific, financial and psychological applications. In particular, RTM, if not taken into account, can interfere when...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 11, 2026

Measuring Statistical Learning Across Modalities and Domains in School-Aged Children Via an Online Platform and Neuroimaging Techniques
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Setting the stage for statistical learning? Sensitivity to environmental statistics in early sensory processing.

Miguel Maravall1, Livia de Hoz2

  • 1Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK.

Current Opinion in Neurobiology
|November 16, 2025
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Summary

Statistical learning (SL) helps us understand complex environments by detecting patterns. This review explores how early sensory pathways, not just higher brain areas, exhibit sensitivity to statistics, contributing to this essential learning process.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Science
  • Computational Neuroscience

Background:

  • The brain processes complex environments by learning statistical structures.
  • Statistical learning (SL) is an unsupervised learning form, typically associated with higher brain regions.
  • Emerging evidence suggests SL mechanisms are present in earlier sensory pathways.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review neuronal sensitivity to statistics in early sensory regions.
  • To explore the relationship between this sensitivity and statistical learning.
  • To understand how subcortical centers contribute to statistical learning.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on neuronal responses to statistical regularities.
  • Analysis of adaptive coding mechanisms in sensory pathways.
  • Examination of responses to stimulus repetitions, omissions, and distributional changes.

Main Results:

  • Neuronal sensitivity to environmental statistics is found in early sensory pathways.
  • Adaptive coding in these regions demonstrates sensitivity to statistical properties.
  • This sensitivity is linked to statistical learning, even in subcortical areas.

Conclusions:

  • Statistical learning is not solely dependent on high-level cortical processing.
  • Early sensory pathways play a crucial role in detecting and learning environmental statistics.
  • Understanding subcortical contributions to SL offers new insights into brain function.