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Muscles of the Shoulder

Muscles of the Shoulder

The muscles surrounding the shoulder girdle, including the clavicle and scapula, primarily stabilize the scapula. This stable base allows other muscles to move the humerus effectively. Scapular movements often mirror those of the humerus and extend its range of motion. For instance, raising the arm above the head would not be feasible without simultaneous upward rotation of the scapula.
Anterior Thoracic Muscles
The anterior thoracic muscles include the serratus anterior, subclavius, and...

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Using Evidence Based Guidelines to Assess Athletes Readiness for Return to Sport Following Shoulder Stabilization.

Louis W Barry¹, Adam Stewart², Ryan C Rauck³

¹Department of Orthopaedics, The Ohio State College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA.

The Orthopedic Clinics of North America

|November 16, 2025

Summary

Returning to sport after shoulder surgery requires objective assessments. Evidence-based criteria focusing on range of motion, strength, and functional testing optimize athlete recovery and reduce reinjury risk.

Keywords:

Athlete Instability Rehabilitation Return to sport Shoulder

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Area of Science:

Orthopedic Surgery
Sports Medicine
Rehabilitation Science

Background:

Return to sport (RTS) after shoulder stabilization surgery is crucial for athletes.
Current practices often lack objective, standardized assessments for RTS readiness.
A shift towards evidence-based, individualized criteria is emerging.

Purpose of the Study:

To review evidence-based criteria for RTS after shoulder stabilization surgery.
To emphasize objective metrics for assessing athlete readiness.
To guide clinicians in optimizing recovery and minimizing reinjury risk.

Main Methods:

Review of current literature on RTS criteria for shoulder surgery.
Emphasis on objective measures: range of motion, strength, stability, and power.
Inclusion of functional testing modalities like dynamometry, force plates, and velocity tracking.

Main Results:

Objective metrics provide measurable benchmarks for assessing RTS readiness.
Sport-specific functional testing integrated with biologic healing enhances decision-making.
No universal RTS guidelines currently exist, leading to institutional variability.

Conclusions:

Objective, individualized assessments are vital for safe and effective RTS.
Integrating functional testing with biologic healing considerations improves clinical outcomes.
Further standardization of RTS guidelines is needed to reduce variability.