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Related Concept Videos

Immunological Memory01:23

Immunological Memory

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Immunological memory, a pivotal pillar of the adaptive immune system, is responsible for the body's ability to remember and respond more swiftly and effectively to previously encountered pathogens. This remarkable feature is what makes vaccines so effective in preventing diseases.
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Immunological memory is an integral function of the immune system that allows it to recognize and react more rapidly and effectively to pathogens previously encountered. This feature...
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Active versus Passive Immunity01:31

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Immunity, along with the ability to limit pathogen growth to prevent significant body tissue damage, can be gained either by (1) actively developing an immune response within the individual after exposure to a pathogen or after getting vaccinated or (2) passively transferring immune components from an immune individual to one who is nonimmune. Both these forms of immunity can be found naturally and in medical practices.
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Development of Immunocompetence01:22

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The initiation of cell-mediated immunity can be observed as early as the third month of fetal growth, with active antibody-mediated immunity following approximately one month later.
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Subsequent T...
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Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response01:23

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The T and B lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system develop from common lymphoid progenitor cells in the bone marrow. These progenitors give rise to precursors that eventually develop into both T and B lymphocytes. As these precursors mature, they gain the ability to detect and respond to foreign antigens in the body, a process known as immunocompetence. Additionally, these precursors acquire self-tolerance, a process that ensures they do not react to self-antigens. This intricate system...
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Pre-Existing Th1 Immunity Outperforms Age in Predicting Antibody Responses to SARS-CoV-2 Inactivated Vaccines.

Chanyuan Ye1, Xiaoli Zhang1, Lingfeng Qiu1

  • 1State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310024, China.

Advanced Science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany)
|November 17, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Elderly immune responses to COVID-19 vaccines are improved by Th1 CD4+ T cells. Baseline Th1 cells, not age, better predict antibody generation after inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccination.

Keywords:
CD4+TSARS‐CoV‐2Th1 cellsagedinactivated vaccine

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Vaccinology
  • Gerontology

Background:

  • Elderly individuals face higher COVID-19 risks, necessitating optimized vaccine responses.
  • Age-associated immune changes impact vaccine efficacy, particularly in older populations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate age-related immune alterations affecting SARS-CoV-2 inactivated vaccine responses.
  • To identify reliable biomarkers for predicting vaccine-induced antibody generation in different age groups.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative analysis of immune responses in young versus aged mice post-vaccination.
  • Transcriptomic profiling of T cell populations.
  • Human cohort studies correlating baseline immune cell levels with post-vaccination antibody titers.

Main Results:

  • Aged mice showed increased polarized bystander Th1 CD4+ T cell populations, enhancing humoral immunity.
  • Post-vaccination antibody titers were similar across human age groups.
  • Elevated baseline Th1 cells, not age, positively correlated with higher antibody titers, serving as a superior predictive biomarker.

Conclusions:

  • Baseline Th1 cells are a more effective predictor of antibody response to inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccines than chronological age.
  • Findings reveal Th1 cell-mediated mechanisms of vaccine immunogenicity.
  • Insights can inform the development of next-generation vaccines with enhanced efficacy in diverse populations.