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P-N junction01:11

P-N junction

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A p-n junction is formed when p-type and n-type semiconductor materials are joined together. At the interface of the p-n junction, holes from the p-side and electrons from the n-side begin to diffuse into the opposite sides due to the concentration gradient. This diffusion of carriers leads to a region around the junction where there are no free charge carriers, known as the depletion region. The charge density within the depletion region for the n-side and p-side can be described by the...
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Morphology Control for Fully Printable Organic–Inorganic Bulk-heterojunction Solar Cells Based on a Ti-alkoxide and Semiconducting Polymer
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Controlled-Disorder Asymmetrical Donors Enable Efficient All-Small-Molecule Solar Cells with Excellent

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Summary

Researchers developed new small molecule donors for all-small-molecule organic solar cells (all-SMOSCs). One donor, MPhS-OP, achieved a record 18.12% power conversion efficiency by optimizing blend morphology and processing tolerance.

Keywords:
High‐speed blade‐coatingIntermolecular interactionSide‐chain engineeringSmall‐molecule donorSolution processability

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Photovoltaics
  • Organic Electronics

Background:

  • All-small-molecule organic solar cells (all-SMOSCs) offer advantages like reproducibility but face challenges in morphology control and processability.
  • Optimizing the interplay between molecular design, solution interactions, and blend morphology is crucial for enhancing all-SMOSC performance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how distinct side-chain functionalities in asymmetric small molecule donors influence crystallization kinetics, solution-state interactions, and blend morphology.
  • To develop high-efficiency and process-tolerant all-SMOSCs through rational molecular design.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis and characterization of three asymmetric small molecule donors (MPhS-HF, MPhS-OP, MPhS-PF) with varying side-chain functionalities.
  • Systematic investigation of their impact on solution-state interactions, crystallization kinetics, and blend morphology with a non-fullerene acceptor (L8-BO).
  • In situ spectroscopy and thermodynamic modeling to elucidate film-formation dynamics and morphology evolution.

Main Results:

  • MPhS-OP exhibited delayed crystallization and favorable miscibility with L8-BO, leading to finely interpenetrating network morphologies.
  • MPhS-OP:L8-BO devices achieved a record power conversion efficiency of 18.12% via spin-coating.
  • Devices maintained high efficiency (>16.4%) under various processing conditions, including thick films, blade coating, green solvents, and large areas.

Conclusions:

  • Asymmetric small molecule donor design is a powerful strategy for controlling molecular packing and improving solution processability in all-SMOSCs.
  • The MPhS-OP donor enables the formation of reproducible, nano-interpenetrating morphologies, crucial for high-performance and scalable organic photovoltaics.
  • This work provides a viable route toward high-performance, industrially relevant all-SMOSCs by addressing key morphology and processing challenges.