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Blood is pumped by the heart into the aorta, the largest artery in the body, and then into increasingly smaller arteries, arterioles, and capillaries. The velocity of blood flow decreases with increased cross-sectional blood vessel area. As blood returns to the heart through venules and veins, its velocity increases. The movement of blood is encouraged by smooth muscle in the vessel walls, the movement of skeletal muscle surrounding the vessels, and one-way valves that prevent backflow.
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Hydraulic In Vitro Characterization of MR-Conditional Blood Pumps.

Dominik T Schulte1, Marcel Renggli2, Henning Richter3

  • 1Institute for Dynamic Systems and Control, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.

Artificial Organs
|November 17, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Three novel MR-conditional blood pumps were developed for neonatal cardiac surgery. These pumps are compatible with MRI and meet hydraulic requirements for cardiopulmonary bypass, enabling future brain injury studies.

Keywords:
MR‐conditionalblood pumpcardiopulmonary bypassextracorporeal membrane oxygenationin vitro testing

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Medical Devices
  • Cardiovascular Surgery

Background:

  • Neonatal cardiac surgery frequently utilizes cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), necessitating heart-lung machines (HLMs) near patients due to small blood volumes.
  • A significant challenge in studying perioperative brain injury in neonates undergoing CPB is the lack of an MR-compatible blood pump for the heart-lung machine (HLM).
  • This research initiates the development of MR-conditional HLMs by focusing on MR-compatible blood pump hardware and performance verification.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and assess the MR compatibility and hydraulic performance of novel blood pump prototypes for use in neonatal cardiac surgery.
  • To evaluate the feasibility of creating MR-conditional heart-lung machines (HLMs) for advanced perioperative brain injury research.

Main Methods:

  • Three distinct MR-conditional blood pump prototypes were designed: a roller pump, a non-occlusive roller pump, and a centrifugal pump.
  • MR compatibility was rigorously tested by evaluating potential imaging interference during MRI scans.
  • Hydraulic performance was quantified using pressure-flow diagrams generated on a mock circulation test bench.

Main Results:

  • All three prototypes demonstrated no interference with MR imaging, maintaining sufficient image quality despite a minor signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) reduction.
  • Roller and non-occlusive roller pumps exhibited stable flow characteristics across varying pressures.
  • The centrifugal pump displayed pressure-dependent performance, and all pumps produced non-pulsatile flow.

Conclusions:

  • The developed blood pump prototypes meet essential MR-conditionality and hydraulic performance criteria.
  • These MR-conditional pumps show promise for integration into MRI-guided studies during neonatal cardiac surgery.
  • This work represents a crucial first step towards enabling real-time MRI monitoring during neonatal CPB procedures.