Unique Athletic Gut Microbiomes and Their Role in Sports Performance: A Narrative Review

The human gut microbiome, a diverse community of microorganisms, plays a crucial role in digestion, metabolism, immune function, and brain health. Key metabolites produced by the gut microbiota, such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and bile acids, are essential for energy production, metabolic regulation, and immune system modulation. The gut microbiome's composition is influenced by factors including diet, exercise, sleep, and age, and disruptions are linked to various health conditions. Elite athletes exhibit unique gut microbiota profiles that contribute to their exceptional performance and recovery. Their microbiomes are not only richer, but also possess unique microorganisms and functional capabilities, alongside distinct genetic landscapes that support their high-level physiological demands. This review focuses specifically on the athletic gut microbiome, exploring how it differs from that of an active or a sedentary individual, adapts to different training phases, extreme conditions like heat and hypoxia, and prolonged exertion. It highlights the dual role of the gut microbiome in both enhancing athletic performance and potentially contributing to disease development, particularly due to the prolonged exertion and stress associated with years of intense competition. The review also explores the implications of microbiome changes following periods of intense physical activity and their impact on the athlete's overall health. Finally, it evaluates athlete-specific interventions, including prebiotics, probiotics, and synbiotics, aimed at mitigating negative effects on the gut microbiome while supporting health and optimizing performance.