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Reliability of artificial intelligence algorithms in automated age estimation using orthopantomograms: A scoping
Spoorti Kulkarni1, Sudeendra Prabhu2, Andrew Jeyabose3,4
1Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology and Oral Microbiology, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India.
Digital Health
|November 17, 2025
Summary
Artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms show high accuracy for automated age estimation from orthopantomograms (OPGs), offering a valuable complementary tool to traditional methods in forensic and clinical settings.
Area of Science:
- Forensic Odontology
- Artificial Intelligence
- Medical Imaging
Background:
- Automated age estimation using AI algorithms and orthopantomograms (OPGs) is an emerging field.
- Conventional age estimation techniques have limitations in accuracy and efficiency.
Purpose of the Study:
- To evaluate the efficiency of AI algorithms for automated age estimation using OPGs.
- To compare AI-based age estimation with conventional methods.
Main Methods:
- Systematic literature searches in PubMed, Scopus, and Embase.
- Screening of 1519 articles, with 24 selected for analysis.
- Analysis of methodological rigor, algorithmic performance, and comparative effectiveness.
Main Results:
- AI models, particularly deep learning architectures, demonstrated superior accuracy, precision, and reliability over traditional methods.
- AI-driven models reduce human error and increase efficiency in age estimation.
- Promising results for enhancing forensic and clinical decision-making.
Conclusions:
- AI-driven age estimation using OPGs is a transformative advancement with significant forensic and clinical potential.
- AI models serve as valuable complementary tools, improving accuracy and efficiency.
- Further research and standardized protocols are essential for wider adoption in forensic odontology.
