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Potential Due to a Polarized Object

Potential Due to a Polarized Object

A neutral atom consists of a positively charged nucleus surrounded by a negatively charged electron cloud. When placed in an external electric field, the external electric force pulls the electrons and nucleus apart, opposite to the intrinsic attraction between the nucleus and the electrons. The opposing forces balance each other with a slight shift between the center of masses of the nucleus and the electron cloud, resulting in a polarized atom. On the other hand, a few molecules, like water,...

Dielectric Polarization in a Capacitor

Dielectric Polarization in a Capacitor

The presence of a dielectric medium in a capacitor not only changes the voltage and capacitance but also affects the electric field. In general, dielectrics can be of two types: polar and nonpolar. In a polar dielectric, the positive and negative charges in the molecules are separated by a distance and hence have a permanent dipole moment. In contrast, no such charge separation exists in a nonpolar dielectric, however the nonpolar molecules get polarized in the presence of an external electric...

Polar Covalent Bonds

Polar Covalent Bonds

Covalent bonds are formed between two atoms when both have similar tendencies to attract electrons to themselves (i.e., when both atoms have identical or fairly similar ionization energies and electron affinities). Nonmetal atoms frequently form covalent bonds with other nonmetal atoms. For example, the hydrogen molecule, H2, contains a covalent bond between its two hydrogen atoms. When two separate hydrogen atoms with a particular potential energy approach each other, their valence orbitals...

Paramagnetism

Paramagnetism

Paramagnets are materials with unpaired electrons that possess a finite magnetic moment. In the absence of a magnetic field, these moments are randomly oriented, and thus the net moment is zero. Under an external field, a torque acting on the moments tends to align them along the field's direction. However, the random thermal motion of electrons produces a torque opposite to the external field and tries to disorient the moments. These two competing effects align only a few moments along the...

Potential Due to a Magnetized Object

Potential Due to a Magnetized Object

Magnetic dipoles in magnetic materials are aligned when placed under an external magnetic field. For paramagnets and ferromagnets, dipole alignment occurs in the direction of the magnetic field. However, the dipoles align opposite to the field in the case of diamagnets. This state of magnetic polarization due to the external field is called magnetization. Magnetization is defined as the dipole moment per unit volume. It plays a similar role to polarization in electrostatics.
The vector...

Induced Electric Dipoles

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A permanent electric dipole orients itself along an external electric field. This rotation can be quantified by defining the potential energy because the external torque does work in rotating it. Then, the potential energy is minimum at the parallel configuration and maximum at the antiparallel configuration. While the former is a stable equilibrium, the latter is an unstable equilibrium.
Since the absolute value of potential energy holds no physical meaning, its zero value can be chosen as per...

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A Photonic System for Generating Unconditional Polarization-Entangled Photons Based on Multiple Quantum Interference

A Photonic System for Generating Unconditional Polarization-Entangled Photons Based on Multiple Quantum Interference

Published on: September 5, 2019

Polaritonic quantum matter.

D N Basov¹, Ana Asenjo-Garcia¹, P James Schuck¹

¹Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA.

Nanophotonics (Berlin, Germany)

|November 17, 2025

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Polaritons, hybrid light-matter quasiparticles, exhibit unique properties like strong nonlinearities and light-like propagation. This review explores their diverse physical implementations and emergent phenomena in polaritonic quantum matter.

Keywords:

light–matter interaction polariton quantum materials

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Area of Science:

Quantum physics
Condensed matter physics
Optics

Background:

Polaritons are quantum mechanical superpositions of photons and elementary excitations.
They exhibit a characteristic frequency-momentum dispersion, independent of the underlying material excitations.
Polaritons combine the strong nonlinearities of matter with the light-like propagation of photons.

Purpose of the Study:

To review emergent effects in polaritonic quasiparticles across various physical implementations.
To present a portfolio of physical platforms and phenomena related to polaritonic quantum matter.
To discuss unifying aspects of polaritons and recent developments in the field.

Main Methods:

Literature review of emergent effects in polaritonic quasiparticles.
Compilation of physical platforms and phenomena in polaritonic quantum matter.
Focus on recent advancements in specific subfields.

Main Results:

Polaritons offer new properties, enabling advanced spectroscopy, imaging, and quantum simulations.
They give rise to novel forms of synthetic quantum matter.
A broad range of physical implementations and phenomena are identified and discussed.

Conclusions:

Polaritons represent a unifying concept across diverse physical systems.
Continued research in polaritonic quantum matter promises significant advancements in quantum technologies.
Emerging areas include polaritonic imaging, cavity quantum electrodynamics, topology, nonlinearities, and quantum polaritonics.