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High-harmonic generation from subwavelength silicon films.

Kent Hallman1, Sven Stengel2, Wallace Jaffray2

  • 1PeopleTec, Inc. 4901-I Corporate Dr., Huntsville, AL 35805, USA.

Nanophotonics (Berlin, Germany)
|November 17, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers observed high harmonic generation in silicon films, achieving up to the 7th harmonic in the UV range. A novel hydrodynamic-Maxwell model explains these nonlinear optical properties.

Keywords:
Si nanophotonicshigh-harmonic generationnonlinear opticsspatiotemporal dynamicstime varying media

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Area of Science:

  • Nonlinear optics
  • Materials science at the nanoscale
  • Semiconductor physics

Background:

  • Nanoscale nonlinear optics is rapidly advancing.
  • Experimental harmonic generation often lacks theoretical models for efficiency assessment.
  • Understanding material properties under intense illumination is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To experimentally observe and theoretically explain high harmonic generation in silicon.
  • To investigate the time-varying dielectric function of silicon under intense light.
  • To develop a broadly applicable theoretical model for nonlinear optical phenomena.

Main Methods:

  • Experimental observation of harmonic generation up to the 7th harmonic from a subwavelength silicon film.
  • Utilizing peak power densities of approximately 3 TW/cm².
  • Applying a time-domain hydrodynamic-Maxwell approach.

Main Results:

  • Observed even and odd harmonics up to the 7th order generated from silicon at 210 nm.
  • Demonstrated significant, time-varying changes in silicon's dielectric function under intense illumination.
  • The hydrodynamic-Maxwell model successfully explained the experimental data, including surface and magnetic nonlinearities.

Conclusions:

  • The developed hydrodynamic-Maxwell model provides a comprehensive explanation for high harmonic generation in silicon.
  • The model accounts for surface/magnetic nonlinearities (even harmonics) and higher-order dispersions (odd harmonics).
  • High harmonic generation deep into the UV range is facilitated by plasma formation and phase locking in silicon's metallic regime.