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Related Concept Videos

Phase Diagram01:19

Phase Diagram

6.9K
The phase of a given substance depends on the pressure and temperature. Thus, plots of pressure versus temperature showing the phase in each region provide considerable insights into the thermal properties of substances. Such plots are known as phase diagrams. For instance, in the phase diagram for water (Figure 1), the solid curve boundaries between the phases indicate phase transitions (i.e., temperatures and pressures at which the phases coexist).
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Phase Diagrams02:39

Phase Diagrams

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A phase diagram combines plots of pressure versus temperature for the liquid-gas, solid-liquid, and solid-gas phase-transition equilibria of a substance. These diagrams indicate the physical states that exist under specific conditions of pressure and temperature and also provide the pressure dependence of the phase-transition temperatures (melting points, sublimation points, boiling points). Regions or areas labeled solid, liquid, and gas represent single phases, while lines or curves represent...
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Phase Transitions02:31

Phase Transitions

22.3K
Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...
22.3K
Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing02:39

Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing

14.5K
Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy becomes large enough to partially overcome the forces holding the molecules or ions of the solid in their fixed positions, and the solid begins the process of transitioning to the liquid state or melting. At this point, the temperature of the solid stops rising, despite the continual input of heat, and it remains constant until all of the solid is...
14.5K
Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition02:33

Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition

19.6K
Some solids can transition directly into the gaseous state, bypassing the liquid state, via a process known as sublimation. At room temperature and standard pressure, a piece of dry ice (solid CO2) sublimes, appearing to gradually disappear without ever forming any liquid. Snow and ice sublimate at temperatures below the melting point of water, a slow process that may be accelerated by winds and the reduced atmospheric pressures at high altitudes. When solid iodine is warmed, the solid sublimes...
19.6K
Metallic Solids02:37

Metallic Solids

20.4K
Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
All metallic solids exhibit high thermal and electrical conductivity, metallic luster, and malleability....
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Synthesis and Microdiffraction at Extreme Pressures and Temperatures
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Synthesis and Microdiffraction at Extreme Pressures and Temperatures

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Body-Centered-Cubic Phase Transformation in Gold at TPa Pressures.

Amy L Coleman1, Saransh Singh1, Tom E Lockard1

  • 1Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, USA.

Physical Review Letters
|November 17, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers used X-ray diffraction to study gold compressed to extreme pressures. They found the face-centered-cubic phase remains stable up to 1 TPa, with the body-centered-cubic phase appearing simultaneously.

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Methods of Ex Situ and In Situ Investigations of Structural Transformations: The Case of Crystallization of Metallic Glasses
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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • High-Pressure Physics
  • Condensed Matter Physics

Background:

  • Understanding material behavior under extreme conditions is crucial for various scientific fields.
  • Gold (Au) exhibits different crystallographic phases depending on pressure and temperature.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the crystallographic state of gold compressed to terapascal (TPa) pressures.
  • To investigate the stability of gold's phases under dynamic compression using tailored laser pulses.

Main Methods:

  • In situ X-ray diffraction experiments were conducted at the National Ignition Facility and Omega-EP Laser Facility.
  • Gold samples were subjected to ramp and shock-ramp compression using precisely controlled laser pulses.
  • Pressure-temperature states were varied to explore phase transitions.

Main Results:

  • The face-centered-cubic (FCC) phase of gold was found to be stable up to at least 1 TPa under ramp compression.
  • The body-centered-cubic (BCC) phase of gold was observed to coexist with the FCC phase at these high pressures.
  • Experiments covered a range of pressure-temperature states up to 1.2 TPa.

Conclusions:

  • The FCC phase of gold demonstrates remarkable stability under extreme compression.
  • The simultaneous observation of FCC and BCC phases provides insights into phase transitions in metals at terapascal pressures.
  • These findings contribute to the understanding of materials under extreme astrophysical and inertial confinement fusion conditions.