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Related Concept Videos

Bone Disorders01:29

Bone Disorders

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Aging and its effect on bone remodeling is the most common cause of bone disorders. In young and healthy people, bone deposition and resorption happen at an equal rate to maintain optimal bone health.
Bone deposition is also affected by the levels of sex hormones like estrogen and testosterone that promote osteoblast activity and bone matrix synthesis. When the level of these hormones decreases due to aging, it causes a reduction in bone deposition. As a result, bone resorption by osteoclasts...
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Fractures: Bone Repair01:27

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Treatment for a fracture is based on the type of break, the bone affected, and the patient's age.
Minor fractures with no bone displacement are treated by immobilizing the fractured bone using a cast or splint. However, in the case of fractures with displaced bones, the broken bones are repositioned before immobilization to ensure successful healing without deformation and loss of function. The realignment of fractured bone ends is performed through a process called reduction. If the...
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Essential Minerals for Bone Health01:31

Essential Minerals for Bone Health

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The minerals contained in all of the food we consume are essential for our organ systems. However, certain essential minerals, such as calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, manganese, and fluoride, largely affect bone health.
Calcium and Phosphorus
Calcium is a critical component of bones, especially in the form of calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate. Since the body cannot make calcium, it must be obtained from the diet. However, calcium cannot be absorbed from the small intestine without...
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Bone Remodeling01:40

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Bone remodeling is a continuous and balanced process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In adults, it helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. While mechanical stress can stimulate turnover as part of the normal maintenance and reparative process, several hormones also regulate bone remodeling.
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The Bone Matrix01:18

The Bone Matrix

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Bone contains a relatively small number of cells entrenched in a matrix of collagen fibers that provide an adherent surface for inorganic salt crystals. Both components of the matrix, organic and inorganic, contribute to the unusual properties of bone. Without collagen, bones would be brittle and shatter easily. Without mineral crystals, bones would flex and provide little support. This can be observed by an experiment: when the minerals of a bone are dissolved by soaking the bone in...
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Role of Vitamins in Maintaining Bone Health01:25

Role of Vitamins in Maintaining Bone Health

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The growth and maintenance of bone are regulated by a combination of nutritional factors, including vitamins, such as vitamin A, B12, C, D, and K.
Vitamin A
Vitamin A is involved in the process of bone remodeling. Retinoic acid, the active metabolite of Vitamin A, has nuclear receptors in osteoblasts and osteoclasts, which are involved in bone remodeling.
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Vitamin B12 acts as a cofactor during the formation of osteoblast-related proteins, such as osteocalcin. Vitamin B12 plays a role...
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Bone Health in Space Flight: Incomplete Bone Mineral Density Convalescence at 1 Year Postmission Without Increased

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  • 1From the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (Dr. Fiedler, Dr. Ghali, and Dr. Adil); the Levy Shoulder to Hand Center at the Paley Orthopaedic Institute, FL (Dr. Phillips); the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX (Dr. Lawand); the Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (Mr. Noorbakhsh and Mr. Hauck); and the Baylor College of Medicine Center for Space Medicine, Houston, TX (Dr. Adil).

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Astronauts experience significant bone mineral density (BMD) loss during space flight, with longer missions leading to incomplete recovery. Recovery of BMD to pre-flight levels is not achieved by most astronauts within one year post-mission.

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopaedic Health
  • Space Medicine
  • Bone Physiology

Background:

  • Orthopaedic health is critical for astronaut well-being and mission success.
  • Space flight significantly impacts bone mineral density (BMD).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess BMD recovery rates in various anatomic regions after space flight.
  • To determine the influence of mission duration and astronaut age on BMD recovery and fracture risk.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective cohort study using NASA's astronaut health database.
  • Analysis of dual-energy radiograph absorptiometry and fracture risk data for 94 astronauts.
  • Subanalyses on the effects of mission duration and astronaut age.

Main Results:

  • BMD loss in the hip and spine persisted 1 year post-flight.
  • Longer space flights (>6 months) resulted in slower and incomplete BMD recovery in the spine, hip, and femur.
  • No significant difference in 10-year osteoporotic hip fracture risk was observed based on mission duration or age.

Conclusions:

  • Extended space flight duration correlates with greater BMD loss and slower recovery.
  • Only 34% and 47% of astronauts regained pre-flight BMD levels in the hip and spine, respectively, within 1 year post-flight.