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Related Concept Videos

Ionic Crystal Structures02:42

Ionic Crystal Structures

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Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is more complex than the packing of metal atoms that are the same size.
Most monatomic ions behave as charged spheres, and their attraction for ions of opposite charge is the same in every direction. Consequently, stable structures for ionic compounds result (1) when ions of one charge are surrounded by as many ions as possible of the opposite...
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Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer02:48

Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer

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Ions are atoms or molecules bearing an electrical charge. A cation (a positive ion) forms when a neutral atom loses one or more electrons from its valence shell, and an anion (a negative ion) forms when a neutral atom gains one or more electrons in its valence shell. Compounds composed of ions are called ionic compounds (or salts), and their constituent ions are held together by ionic bonds: electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged cations and anions. 
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Electrolyte and Nonelectrolyte Solutions02:21

Electrolyte and Nonelectrolyte Solutions

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Substances that undergo either a physical or a chemical change in solution to yield ions that can conduct electricity are called electrolytes. If a substance yields ions in solution, that is, if the compound undergoes 100% dissociation, then the substance is a strong electrolyte. Complete dissociation is indicated by a single forward arrow. For example, water-soluble ionic compounds like sodium chloride dissociate into sodium cations and chloride anions in aqueous solution.
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Molecular and Ionic Solids02:54

Molecular and Ionic Solids

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Crystalline solids are divided into four types: molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent network based on the type of constituent units and their interparticle interactions.
Molecular Solids
Molecular crystalline solids, such as ice, sucrose (table sugar), and iodine, are solids that are composed of neutral molecules as their constituent units. These molecules are held together by weak intermolecular forces such as London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interactions, or hydrogen bonds, which...
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Trends in Lattice Energy: Ion Size and Charge02:54

Trends in Lattice Energy: Ion Size and Charge

26.4K
An ionic compound is stable because of the electrostatic attraction between its positive and negative ions. The lattice energy of a compound is a measure of the strength of this attraction. The lattice energy (ΔHlattice) of an ionic compound is defined as the energy required to separate one mole of the solid into its component gaseous ions. For the ionic solid sodium chloride, the lattice energy is the enthalpy change of the process:
26.4K
Ionic Bonds00:42

Ionic Bonds

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Overview
When atoms gain or lose electrons to achieve a more stable electron configuration they form ions. Ionic bonds are electrostatic attractions between ions with opposite charges. Ionic compounds are rigid and brittle when solid and may dissociate into their constituent ions in water. Covalent compounds, by contrast, remain intact unless a chemical reaction breaks them.
Opposing Charges Hold Ions Together in Ionic Compounds
Ionic bonds are reversible electrostatic interactions between ions...
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Solid-state Graft Copolymer Electrolytes for Lithium Battery Applications
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Rare-Earth-Free Chloride Solid Electrolytes with High Ionic Conductivity for All-Solid-State Lithium Batteries.

Hong Liu1, Haoyu Yin2, Guangshuo Liao1

  • 1State Key Laboratory of New Ceramic Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.

ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
|November 17, 2025
PubMed
Summary

A new, rare-earth-free solid electrolyte (SE) offers high ionic conductivity and low cost for all-solid-state lithium batteries (ASSLBs). This breakthrough addresses the performance-cost trade-off in current SE materials.

Keywords:
all-solid-state batterieschloride solid electrolytescost-effectiveionic conductivityrare-earth-free

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Synthesis of Ionic Liquid Based Electrolytes, Assembly of Li-ion Batteries, and Measurements of Performance at High Temperature
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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Solid-State Chemistry

Background:

  • Commercialization of all-solid-state lithium batteries (ASSLBs) requires solid electrolytes (SEs) with high ionic conductivity (>1 mS cm⁻¹) and low cost (<$20 kg⁻¹).
  • Existing SEs present a performance-cost dilemma: high conductivity often involves expensive precursors, while low-cost options lack sufficient conductivity.
  • This limitation hinders the widespread adoption and cost-effectiveness of ASSLBs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a novel, rare-earth-free chloride solid electrolyte (SE) that overcomes the performance-cost trade-off.
  • To achieve simultaneously high ionic conductivity and low manufacturing cost for ASSLB applications.
  • To investigate the ionic migration mechanisms and demonstrate the practical utility of the developed SE in ASSLB devices.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesized a rare-earth-free chloride SE, Li₂.₀₃Zr₀.₉₈P₀.₀₂Cl₅.₉₅S₀.₀₅ (LZC-1PS), using a dual-site substitution strategy.
  • Investigated ionic conductivity through electrochemical measurements, achieving room-temperature conductivity of 1.02 mS cm⁻¹.
  • Fabricated lab-scale ASSLBs using LZC-1PS with Li₆PS₅Cl-coated Li-In anodes and NCM811 or LCO cathodes to evaluate performance.

Main Results:

  • LZC-1PS exhibits ultralow cost ($15.21 kg⁻¹) and high room-temperature ionic conductivity (1.02 mS cm⁻¹).
  • Dual-site substitution (S²⁻ for Cl⁻, P⁵⁺ for Zr⁴⁺) effectively reduces ion diffusion barriers and weakens Li⁺-anion interactions.
  • ASSLBs utilizing LZC-1PS demonstrate excellent cycling stability, retaining 75.2% capacity after 1200 cycles (LCO) and 76.6% after 1000 cycles (NCM811) at 1C.

Conclusions:

  • The developed LZC-1PS solid electrolyte successfully addresses the critical performance-cost challenge in ASSLB materials.
  • This rare-earth-free material offers a promising pathway for the cost-effective commercialization of high-performance all-solid-state lithium batteries.
  • The findings pave the way for next-generation energy storage solutions with enhanced safety and longevity.