Extracellular vesicles and viruses

Viruses are subcellular structures that depend on the host cell to replicate, sharing several characteristics with extracellular vesicles (EVs). EVs act in intercellular communication and the regulation of the immune system and can be exploited by viruses as vehicles for transport and dissemination between cells and organs. Although they may favor viral infection, EVs also stand out as potential biomarkers for the diagnosis of viral diseases, as they reflect the physiological and pathological state of the originating cells. These particles can contain viral RNA and specific proteins, allowing for the distinction between different types of infection. Moreover, EVs have great therapeutic potential and are being studied as nanotherapeutic tools due to their low immunogenicity, ability to cross cellular barriers, and ease of modification to allow delivery around the body and tissues. This chapter addresses the interactions between EVs and viruses, as well as the advancements in the use of these structures in diagnosis and the development of new therapeutic strategies. Understanding these mechanisms can significantly contribute to the control of viral infections and the creation of innovative therapies to treat emerging diseases.