Value Bias and Ethnocentrism and its Effect on Advance Care Planning: Mind the Gap

After decades of efforts by academic and professional organizations and by governmental agencies to promote advance care planning, less than half of adults in the USA have formally executed advance directives. For patients who have completed these documents, studies find limited impact on end-of-life care. In this paper, we discussed ways in which bias towards certain values in the health care enterprise including ethnocentrism, the centering of one set of cultural norms, may contribute to the public's ambivalence and the relative inefficacy of advance directives. We offer a more expansive perspective on this aspect of clinical care with the goal of serving all patients more effectively.