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Exploring transcutaneous electrostimulation for proprioceptive feedback in upper limb prostheses: a pilot study.

Eleonora Fontana1, Gabriele Natili2, Manuel G Catalano2

  • 1Centro di Ricerca E. Piaggio and Department of Information Engineering, University of Pisa, 56122, Pisa, Italy. eleonora.fontana@phd.unipi.it.

Journal of Neuroengineering and Rehabilitation
|November 18, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Transcutaneous electrostimulation (TES) shows promise for improving prosthetic limb control by enhancing proprioceptive feedback. This non-invasive method improved kinesthetic perception and object discrimination in users, suggesting potential for advanced prosthetic applications.

Keywords:
ExoskeletonsHaptics and haptic interfacesProprioceptionProstheticsTranscutaneous electrical stimulation

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Neuroscience
  • Rehabilitation Science

Background:

  • Myoelectric upper-limb prosthesis users often experience proprioceptive deficits, impacting limb position and movement perception.
  • Developing strategies to enhance sensory feedback is crucial for improving prosthetic functionality.
  • Transcutaneous electrostimulation (TES) is explored as a method to modulate kinesthetic perception and proprioception.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effects of TES on kinesthetic perception.
  • To assess the potential of TES to enhance sensory feedback during functional tasks with a myoelectric prosthesis.

Main Methods:

  • Two experiments were conducted involving able-bodied participants and a prosthetic user.
  • Experiment 1: TES applied to finger flexor muscles to assess kinesthetic perception.
  • Experiment 2: TES combined with a myoelectric prosthesis for an object discrimination task.

Main Results:

  • TES induced an illusion of finger extension (over 1 cm in able-bodied, up to 4 mm in prosthetic user).
  • TES improved object discrimination accuracy (over 80% in able-bodied, over 85% in prosthetic user).

Conclusions:

  • TES is a promising non-invasive technique for enhancing proprioceptive feedback in prosthetic users.
  • Initial results indicate TES can improve kinesthetic perception and functional task performance.
  • Further refinement of TES parameters and integration into structured settings are needed for real-world prosthetic applications.