Tuberculous Lymphadenitis in Children: A Coincidental Diagnosis-A Case Report

The discovery of a cervicofacial swelling is a common concern among the pediatric population with a broad range of potential diagnoses. While infectious origins related to dental infection are frequent, it is crucial not to overlook other systemic causes. Among these causes, cervical tuberculous lymphadenitis (CTL) stands out as one of the most common forms of extrapulmonary tuberculosis. This condition poses a significant diagnostic challenge in children, as it is often asymptomatic and can lead to a misdiagnosis.

The aim of this paper is to highlight, through a case report, the diagnostic approach to a lower mandibular swelling in a 10-year-old boy initially diagnosed as cellulitis of dental origin. However, further investigation revealed CTL, confirmed by lymph node biopsy, leading to a 6-month regimen of four drugs for treatment. This uncommon presentation emphasizes the importance of thorough investigation, as the overlap in symptoms with dental infection could potentially lead to misdiagnosis. Dentists can play a crucial role in detecting tuberculosis in cases of cervicofacial swelling. By doing so, they can ensure early diagnosis and promptly refer the patient for appropriate management.

The case report underscores the importance of considering tuberculosis in the differential diagnoses of cervicofacial swellings in children, emphasizing comprehensive clinical, radiological, and histopathological assessment for accurate diagnosis and effective treatment.