[A review of security, safety, and duality issues in the field of biology]

At a time when biological research is booming, driven by the explosion in synthetic biology and sequencing capabilities, as well as the phenomenal biological data these fields generate, debates are raging among experts and in society at large.The major pandemic crisis triggered by SARS-CoV-2 has resurrected debates about laboratory safety and our ability to respond to biological risks. Current geopolitical instability is also prompting us to take a closer look at the threats posed by the potential use of biological weapons.Therefore, the question of the acceptable risk of biological research arises, which must take into consideration, on the one hand, the importance of research for our health, environment and quality of life, and, on the other hand, our ability to take into account safety, security and dual-use issues. The aim of this review is to take stock of the risks identified and the measures taken in France to limit them.