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Radicals, the highly reactive species, gain stability by undergoing three different reactions. The first reaction involves a radical-radical coupling, in which a radical combines with another radical, forming a spin‐paired molecule. The second reaction is between a radical and a spin‐paired molecule, generating a new radical and a new spin‐paired molecule. The third reaction is radical decomposition in a unimolecular reaction, forming a new radical and a spin‐paired...
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Enzyme-linked receptors are proteins that act as both receptor and enzyme, activating multiple intracellular signals. This is a large group of receptors that include the receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) family. Many growth factors and hormones bind to and activate the RTKs.
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Toxic Reactions: Overview01:26

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When toxic substances penetrate the human body, they disseminate to various tissues, undergoing metabolic changes. This process yields reactive metabolites that may covalently bind with specific target molecules, resulting in toxicity.
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Reaction Mechanisms03:06

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Chemical reactions often occur in a stepwise fashion, involving two or more distinct reactions taking place in a sequence. A balanced equation indicates the reacting species and the product species, but it reveals no details about how the reaction occurs at the molecular level. The reaction mechanism (or reaction path) provides details regarding the precise, step-by-step process by which a reaction occurs.
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Coupled Reactions01:17

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Cellular processes such as building and breaking down complex molecules occur through stepwise chemical reactions. Some of these chemical reactions are spontaneous and release energy, whereas others require energy to proceed. Cells often couple the energy-releasing reaction with the energy-requiring one to carry out important cell functions. 
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Kinetics describes the rate and path by which a reaction occurs. In contrast, thermodynamics deals with state functions and describes the properties, behavior, and components of a system. It is not concerned with the path taken by the process and cannot address the rate at which a reaction occurs. Although it does provide information about what can happen during a reaction process, it does not describe the detailed steps of what appears on an atomic or a molecular level. On the other hand,...
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Updated: Jan 11, 2026

A Web Tool for Generating High Quality Machine-readable Biological Pathways
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The Reactome Knowledgebase 2026.

Eliot Ragueneau1, Chuqiao Gong1, Pierre Sinquin1

  • 1European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SD, United Kingdom.

Nucleic Acids Research
|November 18, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Reactome is a comprehensive human biology knowledgebase. Its updated interface and tools enhance data access, visualization, and analysis for biological research.

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Bioinformatics
  • Systems Biology

Background:

  • Reactome provides expert-curated data on human molecular pathways.
  • It covers normal physiology and disease mechanisms, including genetic and drug impacts.
  • Data integrity is maintained through automated monitoring of publications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To describe the latest updates and features of the Reactome Knowledgebase.
  • To highlight enhancements in user interface, visualization, and analysis tools.
  • To emphasize Reactome's commitment to FAIR data principles and its role as a trusted resource.

Main Methods:

  • Redesigned Angular-based interface with improved accessibility and modular architecture.
  • Introduced new visualization tools: ReacFoam, enhanced pathway diagrams, and entity level views (ELVs).
  • Developed new analysis tools for multi-omics integration and customizable visualizations, including a chatbot and icon library.

Main Results:

  • Launched a redesigned, user-friendly interface with advanced visualization capabilities.
  • Integrated new analysis tools supporting multi-omics data and natural language interaction.
  • Achieved CoreTrustSeal certification and designation as a Global Core Biodata and ELIXIR resource.

Conclusions:

  • The updated Reactome Knowledgebase offers enhanced accessibility and powerful tools for molecular biology research.
  • New features facilitate multi-omics integration, intuitive navigation, and comparative analysis of biological states.
  • Reactome's commitment to data integrity, FAIR principles, and community engagement solidifies its position as a vital global resource.